Genetics 210 Final Exam Study Guide GRADED LATEST VERSIONS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Genetics 210 Final Exam Study Guide GENE - ANS a segment of DNA that is used to make a RNA molecule or a polypeptide TRANSCRIPTION - ANS synthesizing RNA from a DNA template PROTEIN ENCODING GENES - ANS carry the information from the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide mRNA - ANS the initial product of transcription; a temporary copy of a gene that contains information to make a polypeptide DNA REPLICATION - ANS making DNA copies that are transmitted from cell to cell and from parent to offspring POLYPEPTIDE - ANS a linear sequence of amino acids that is the product of mRNA translation; one or more fold to form a functional protein GENE EXPRESSION - ANS the overall process by which the info a gene is used to produce a functional product REGULATORY SEQUENCES - ANS site for the binding of regulatory proteins REGULATORY PROTEINS - ANS influence the rate of transcription PROMOTER bacteria - ANS site for RNA polymerase binding; initiates transcription; -35 and -10 sequences PROMOTER eukaryotes - ANS site for RNA polymerase binding; initiates transcription; core promoter consists of a TATA box and transcriptional start site TERMINATOR - ANS a sequence a gene that signals the end of transcription RIBOSOME-BINDING SITE - ANS site on mRNA for ribosome binding; translation begins near this site CODON - ANS 3 nucleotide sequence mRNA that determines the sequence of amino acids a polypeptide RNA POLYMERASE bacteria - ANS an enzyme that synthesis a strand of RNA using a DNA strand as a template RNA POLYMERASE eukaryotes - ANS three types, RNA poly 1, 2 and 3 transcribes protein-encoding genes RIBOSOME - ANS a large macro-molecule structure that acts as the catalytic site for polypeptide synthesis; allows mRNA and tRNA to be positioned correctly as the polypeptide is made SMALL NUCLEAR RNA - ANS found in high amounts in the nucleolus and promote the covalent modification of rRNAs TRANSFER RNA - ANS molecules that act as temp carriers of amino acids, bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA TATA BOX - ANS a sequence found EUK core promoters that determine the starting site for transcription TRANSCRIPTION OF EUK PROTEIN ENCODING GENES IS INITIATED WHEN... - ANS RNA polymerase 2 and general transcription factors bind to a promoter sequence SHINE-DALGARNO SEQUENCE - ANS a sequence in bacterial mRNAs that functions as a ribosomal-binding site WHICH BASE SEQUENCES ARE USED DURING TRANSCRIPTION? - ANS promoter and terminator TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITE - ANS the first base used as a template for transcription and is denoted +1 KEY SEQUENCE SITES IN BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION - ANS -35 and -10 BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION IS INITIATED WHEN - ANS RNA polymerase holonenzyme binds at the promoter RNA POLYMERASE HOLOENZYME - ANS an enzyme containing all of its subunits - sigma factor and core enzyme ENHANCER - ANS DNA sequence that functions as a regulatory element in EUK; binding w. regulatory transcription factor increases the rate of transcription SILENCERS - ANS DNA sequences that are recognized by transcription factors that inhibit transcription GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GTF - ANS one of several proteins that are necessary to initiate basal transcription at the core promoter PREINITIATION COMPLEX - ANS the stage of transcription in which the assembly of RNA polymerase and GTFs occurs at the core promoter, but the DNA has not yet started to unwind TRANSCRIPTIONAL TERMINATION OCCURS AFTER.. - ANS the 3' end of the transcript is cleaved near the polyadenylation signal sequence