NCE National Counseling Exam Verified Questions and Answers 2024

Psychoanalytic Theory Theorists - Sigmund Freud Adlerian Theory Theorists - Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikers Existential Theory Theorists - Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom Person-Centered Theorists - Carl Rogers Gestalt Theory Theorists - Fritz and Laura Perls, Miriam and Erving Polster Behavior Theory Theorists - B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura Cognitive Behavioral Theorists - A.T. Beck, Judith Beck, Donald Meichenbaum Rational Emotive Therapy Theorists - Albert Ellis Reality Therapy Theorists - William Glasser, Robert Wubbolding Feminist Therapy Theorists - Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Olivia Espin, Laura Brown Solution Focused Brief Therapy Theorists - Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg Narrative Therapy Theorists - Michael White, David Epston Family Systems Therapy Theorists - Alfred Adler, Murray Bowen, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes Psychoanalytic Therapy Description - A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the first 6 years of life as determinants of later development of personality. Uses analysis of word association, dream and fantasy interpretation. Adlerian Therapy Description - The 4 Stages of Adlerian Therapy He believed that it was imperative to become intimately familiar with a person's social context by exploring factors such as birth order, lifestyle, and parental education. Adler believed that each person strives to belong and feel significant. An Adlerian therapist assists individuals in comprehending the thoughts, drives, and emotions that influence their lifestyles. People in therapy are also encouraged to acquire a more positive and productive way of life by developing new insights, skills, and behaviors. These goals are achieved through the four stages of Adlerian therapy: 1. Engagement: A trusting therapeutic relationship is built between the therapist and the person in therapy and they agree to work together to effectively address the problem. 2. Assessment: The therapist invites the individual to speak about his or her personal history, family history, early recollections, beliefs, feelings, and motives. This helps to reveal the person's overall lifestyle pattern, including factors that might initially be thought of as insignificant or irrelevant by the person in therapy. 3. Insight: The person in therapy is helped to develop new ways of thinking about his or her situation. 4. Reorientation: The therapist encourages the individual to engage in satisfying and effective actions that reinforce this new insight, or which facilitate further insight. Existential Therapy Description - This model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship. Person-Centered Therapy Description - This approach was developed in the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns. Is non-directive and often uses reflection from the therapist to assist the person in increasing awareness and promoting self-actualization. Gestalt Therapy - An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew in reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of the body and mind. Behavior Therapy Description - This approach applies the principles of learning (classical and operant conditioning) to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. Cognitive Behavior Therapy Description - This approach gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Focuses on teaching a person how to identify their thinking errors and replace them with positive thinking. Belief that people have automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative cognitive distortions that influence behavior Three categories of cognitive distortions: negative thoughts about 1) self, 2) world, 3) future Negative thoughts can be identified, evaluated, and replaced then that would change behavior Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Description - REBT affirms human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes, and thinking, never by events themselves. Consequently changing one's thinking leads to an emotional and behavioral change. Based upon: • Emotions and Cognitions - focuses on the root not just the thought • Unconditional Acceptance (UA) - accepting flaws in self and others and life realities • Secondary Disturbance - disturbing yourself about your disturbance • Helpful Negative Emotions - some negative emotions are good • Anger is inappropriate - can always be expressed in other ways Reality Therapy - This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs. Feminist Therapy Description - A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being. Postmodern Therapy Description - Social construction, solution focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life. Family Systems Therapy Description - This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family. Henry Murray's Personality Theory - Personality is influenced by our needs: Primary Needs: Biological needs Secondary Needs: Psychological or emotional needs Henry Murray Psychogenic Needs - 1. Ambition (Achievement, Exhibition, Recognition) 2. Materialistic (Acquisition, Construction, Order, Retention) 3. Power (Abasement, Autonomy, Aggression, Blame Avoidance, Deference, Dominance) 4. Affection (Affiliation, Nurturance, Play, Rejection, Succorance) 5. Information (Cognizance, Exposition) Karen Horney's Theory of Neurosis - Believed that neurosis was the result of anxiety due to interpersonal relationships. Strategies to cope with anxiety: