pathophysiology NKU MSN Understanding Pathophysiology Huether Alterations of Cardiovascular function Questions With Complete Solutions

Varicose Veins correct answer: Distended veins, usually occurring in the lower extremities What is the etiology of varicose veins? correct answer: Trauma (often to the saphenous vein) failure of valves, decreasing the activity of muscle pump and/or gravitational pull in the venous system leads to backflow, pooling and dilated veins What are the risk factors for varicose veins? correct answer: Age, gender, family history, obesity, pregnancy, DVT and leg trauma treatment for varicose veins may include stripping of which vein? correct answer: saphenous Chronic Venous Insufficiency manifestations correct answer: Long-term sequelae of inadequate venous return. This can lead to tissue ischemia and edema Chronic Venous Insufficiency may result in correct answer: venous stasis ulcers which are hard to treat and are at high risk for recurrent infections How is chronic venous insufficiency prevented? correct answer: Exercise and compression socks Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) correct answer: Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure. What are the 3 pathophysiological process that lead to DVT? correct answer: Virchow triad 1. Venous stasis- prolonged bed rest, dependent extremities and immobilization 2. Injury to venous endothelium- Trauma, caustic intravenous medication and previous thrombosis 3. Hypercoagulable- Inherited coagulopathy, medication and malignancies Virchow triad leads to platelet adherence and clot formation. If the thrombosis detaches from the wall of the vein (embolism) and travels to the heart, where might it lead? correct answer: inferior vena cava What preventions may be necessary to avoid DVT that leads to embolus? correct answer: ambulation, prophylactic anticoagulation medication or pneumatic compression devices Superior Vena Cava Syndrome correct answer: Compression and progressive occlusion of the Superior vena cava What causes superior vena cava syndrome? correct answer: Lung Cancer (most common), lymphomas, thoracic lymphadenopathy, pacemakers and venous catheters What are manifestations of superior vena cava syndrome? correct answer: distention in the head and upper extremities leads to edema of the face, arms and neck, JVD, cerebral and CNS edema (increased intracranial pressure), headache, visual disturbances and impaired consciousness. Edema in bronchial structures may lead to respiratory distress. Hypertension correct answer: Systolic pressure is greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic is greater than 90 mmHg caused by increased cardiac output total, peripheral resistance or both Primary hypertension correct answer: Combination of genetic (sleep apnea) and environmental factors Primary hypertension affects how many people with hypertension? correct answer: 92-95% What are risk factors for primary hypertension?