NURS 5334-Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Question With Verified Answers All Correct A+ Graded

NURS 5334-Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Question With Verified Answers All Correct A+ Graded Prescribing basics - ANS Prescribing is regulated by state BON Proper RX - ANS Providers name and address, Telephone DEA Pt name/DOB/Address Name of Drug, strength, SIG(directions) with indication/Route and frequency, Quantity and signature. Drug Schedules: Most addictive to least - ANS 1: Heroin,LSD, MJ 2: hydrocodone, cocaine, Methamphetamine, methadone, oxycodone, meperidine, fentanyl, adderall, ritalin 3: codeine, ketamine, testosterone 4: xanax, valium, soma, ambient, tramadol 5: antidiarrheal, antitussives, lomotil, lyrica Pharmacodynamics - ANS The effects of drug on the body. Receptors are large molecules usually proteins, that interact and mediate the action of drugs agonist - ANS produce receptor stimulation and a conformational change every time they bind. Do not need all available receptors to produce a maximum response Partial agonist - ANS drugs that have properties in b/w those of full agonist and antagonist. They bind to receptors but when they occupy the receptor sites, they stimulate only some of the receptors. antagonist - ANS drugs with affinity for a receptor but with no intrinsic activity. Affinity allows the antagonist to bind to receptors, but lack of intrinsic activity prevents the bound antagonist from causing receptor activation. The block action of drugs (ex. Narcan) Bioavailability - ANS % of administered dosage of the drug that survives the first pass through the liver and reaches the bloodstream half life - ANS Time required for the amount of a drug in the body to decline by 50%, drugs with shorter half lives must be administered frequently. 4.5-5.5 times the half life to get steady state and to be limited from the body what the body does to the drug - ANS absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Distribution - ANS movement of absorbed drug in bodily fluids throughout the body to target tissue. Properties affecting: lipid/water solubility, PH affects ionization of drug, protein binding, size of molecule (smaller molecules are more able to diffuse) Tissue: fat, bone, blood/brain barrier (only lipid soluble will pass), placental barrier (many drugs can pass) Protein binding - ANS unbound drug is free which is active, crosses membrane. Low plasma proteins result in more free drug. Competition: when 2 highly bound drugs are given it increases the level of both drugs Metabolism - ANS take place in the liver mostly. Chemical change of a drug structure to: Enhance excretion, inactivate the drug, increase therapeutic action, active a prodrug (inactive until metabolized in the body into the active compound, ex: levodopa), increase or decrease toxicity CYP450 - ANS enzymes constitutes the most important of the phase I metabolizing enzymes (account for about 75% of drug metabolism in the liver) Phase 2: conjugation reaction occur leading to large increases in hydrophilicity of the substrates rendering them more readily excretable