Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 and 2
Enzymes - ANSProteins that function as biological catalysts. Permit reactions to occur at normal
body temperatures.
Protein Functions - ANSStructure, communication, membrane transport, recognition &
protection, catalysis, movement, adhesion.
ATP Adenosine Phosphate - ANSBest known nucleotide; adenine, ribose, and phospate groups.
Amphiphillic - ANSFatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic; phospate "head" is hydrophillic.
phospholipids - ANSSimilar to nuetral fat except that one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate
group. Structural foundation of cell membrane.
Triglycerides - ANS3 fatty acids covalently conded to 3 carbon alcohol glycerol molecule.
Broken down by hydrolysis.
Triglyceride function: - ANSEnergy, storage, insulation, shock absorpstion.
Essential fatty Acids - ANSObtained from diet; body cannot synthesize.
polyunsaturated fatty acids - ANScontains many c=c bonds
unsaturated fatty acids - ANScontains C=C bonds without hydroden.
Saturated fatty acids - ANScarbon atoms saturated with hydrogen.
Fatty acids - ANSChain of 4-24 carbon atoms.
peptide - ANSany molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
protein - ANSpolymer of amino acids
How many amino acids are there? - ANS20
LDL - ANSLow Density lipoprotein "bad cholesterol"
HDL - ANSHigh Denisity lipoprotein "good cholesterol"
cholesterol - ANSthe parent steroid from which other steroids are synthesized
, Steroids - ANSare lipids
Reduction - ANSa chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
Oxidation - ANSA chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases
energy.
Equilibrium - ANSExsists when the ration of products to reactants in stable.
Exchange Reactions - ANSTwo molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms AB+CD - ABCD
- AC+BD
Synthesis Reactions - ANSTwo or more small molecules combine to form a larger one. A+B =
AB
Decompostion Reaction - ANSLarge molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones AB =
A+B
Classes of Chemical Reactions - ANSDecomposition, synthesis, and exchange
Chemical Equation - ANSSymbolized the course of a chemical reaction. Reactants = products
Dipeptide Synthesis - ANSDehydration synthesis creates a peptide bond that joins amino acids.
Lipids - ANSHydrophobic organic molecule
Chemical Reaction - ANSA process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.
Kinetic Energy - ANSEnergy of motion, energy that is actively doing work.
3 polysaccharides of interest in humans - ANSGlycogen, Starch, and cellulose
Polysaccharides - ANSLong chains of glucose.
3 important disaccharides - ANSsucrose (table sugar) lactose (sugar in milk) maltose (grain
products)
Disaccharides - ANSsugar molecule composed of 2 or more monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides - ANSSimplest carbohydrates; simple sugars
3 important monosaccharides - ANSglucose, galactose, and fructose (produced by digestion of
complex carbs.
Enzymes - ANSProteins that function as biological catalysts. Permit reactions to occur at normal
body temperatures.
Protein Functions - ANSStructure, communication, membrane transport, recognition &
protection, catalysis, movement, adhesion.
ATP Adenosine Phosphate - ANSBest known nucleotide; adenine, ribose, and phospate groups.
Amphiphillic - ANSFatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic; phospate "head" is hydrophillic.
phospholipids - ANSSimilar to nuetral fat except that one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate
group. Structural foundation of cell membrane.
Triglycerides - ANS3 fatty acids covalently conded to 3 carbon alcohol glycerol molecule.
Broken down by hydrolysis.
Triglyceride function: - ANSEnergy, storage, insulation, shock absorpstion.
Essential fatty Acids - ANSObtained from diet; body cannot synthesize.
polyunsaturated fatty acids - ANScontains many c=c bonds
unsaturated fatty acids - ANScontains C=C bonds without hydroden.
Saturated fatty acids - ANScarbon atoms saturated with hydrogen.
Fatty acids - ANSChain of 4-24 carbon atoms.
peptide - ANSany molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
protein - ANSpolymer of amino acids
How many amino acids are there? - ANS20
LDL - ANSLow Density lipoprotein "bad cholesterol"
HDL - ANSHigh Denisity lipoprotein "good cholesterol"
cholesterol - ANSthe parent steroid from which other steroids are synthesized
, Steroids - ANSare lipids
Reduction - ANSa chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
Oxidation - ANSA chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases
energy.
Equilibrium - ANSExsists when the ration of products to reactants in stable.
Exchange Reactions - ANSTwo molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms AB+CD - ABCD
- AC+BD
Synthesis Reactions - ANSTwo or more small molecules combine to form a larger one. A+B =
AB
Decompostion Reaction - ANSLarge molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones AB =
A+B
Classes of Chemical Reactions - ANSDecomposition, synthesis, and exchange
Chemical Equation - ANSSymbolized the course of a chemical reaction. Reactants = products
Dipeptide Synthesis - ANSDehydration synthesis creates a peptide bond that joins amino acids.
Lipids - ANSHydrophobic organic molecule
Chemical Reaction - ANSA process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.
Kinetic Energy - ANSEnergy of motion, energy that is actively doing work.
3 polysaccharides of interest in humans - ANSGlycogen, Starch, and cellulose
Polysaccharides - ANSLong chains of glucose.
3 important disaccharides - ANSsucrose (table sugar) lactose (sugar in milk) maltose (grain
products)
Disaccharides - ANSsugar molecule composed of 2 or more monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides - ANSSimplest carbohydrates; simple sugars
3 important monosaccharides - ANSglucose, galactose, and fructose (produced by digestion of
complex carbs.
