APES Unit 1 Exam Review (2023/2024) Graded A+

APES Unit 1 Exam Review (2023/2024) Graded A+ intraspecific competition between members of the same species interspecific competition between members of different species competitive exclusion 1 species is a stronger competitor than the other coexisting species species alter behaviors to minimize competition, altering their niche niche A species role in an ecosystem selective pressure when the environment pushes an individual or population to adapt or evolve parasitism One organism benefits and the other is harmed mutualism symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit temperate deciduous forest Extreme range of temperatures with different seasons Even precipitation throughout Trees lose leaves in winter temperate grasslands Extreme summers and winters Diminishing rainfall in different seasons Prairies Rich soil temperate rainforest moderate temperatures high precipitation coastal tropical rainforest Constant, high precipitation High temperatures, dark, damp Most productive biome tropical dry forest Relatively high temperatures Distinct dry season Wet 50% of year, dry the other 50% savanna tropical grassland dry, tropical areas distinct wet and dry seasons high temperatures desert Extreme range of temperatures Very low precipitation Driest biome Tundra Very dry/little precipitation Very low temperatures Underground soil is permafrost Most directly impacted by climate change Least productive biome boreal forest Low temperatures Low precipitation Acidic soils Dominated by evergreen trees "Taiga" Chaparral Mild, wet winters Dry, hot summers Dense thicket of shrubs "shrubland" intertidal biome between high and low tide marshland low lying wetlands near shorelines tides washing over sandy substrates "salt marshes" mangroves along coasts protect shorelines provide a place for organism to thrive on estuary where ocean saltwater meets stream freshwater creates brackish water fluctuating salinity one of most productive coral reef The most diverse marine biome on Earth found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline have symbiotic relationship with algae and zooxnthellae open ocean plankton is basis of food web ecosystems form around deep hydrothermal vents using chemosynthesis carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle water cycle nitrogen cycle carbon reservoirs living organisms atmosphere ocean (2nd largest) sedimentary rock (largest) fossil fuels carbon steps photosynthesis consumption respiration combustion decomposition nitrogen reservoirs atmosphere soil plants nitrogen steps fixation ammonification nitrification assimilation dentrification phosphorus reservoirs above land rock soil/sedimentary rock ocean atmosphere phosphorus steps weathering of rock assimilation consumption decomposition water reservoirs ocean ice caps streams water steps precipitation accumulation evaporation condensation primary productivity rate of photosynthesis gross primary productivity total energy produced by photosynthesis net primary productivity gross p.p. - respiration productivity rate at which energy is converted to biomass photic zone Top layer of the ocean where solar energy is absorbed and primary productivity occurs pelagic zone Middle layer of the ocean benthic zone Bottom layer of the ocean tropic level rank in the feeding hierarchy 10% The amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to another