Hesi A&P Study Guide

Hesi A&P Study Guide The structural makeup of an organism - CORRECT ANSWER-Anatomy The study of anatomy concerned with microscopic features of the body - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine Anatomy The study of anatomy concerned with the features of the body visible without a microscope. - CORRECT ANSWER-Gross Anatomy Refers to the functions of an organism, and it examines the chemical or physical functions that help the body fuction appropriately. - CORRECT ANSWER-Physiology All parts of the human body are build of individual units called: - CORRECT ANSWERCells Groups of similar cells are arranged into: - CORRECT ANSWER-Tissues Different tissues are arranged into: - CORRECT ANSWER-Organs Organs working togther form: - CORRECT ANSWER-Organ Systems The human body has twelve organ systems that govern: - CORRECT ANSWERCirculation, digestion, immunity, hormones, movement, support, coordination, urination, excretion, reproduction, respiration, and general protection. Body Cavities - CORRECT ANSWER-Different hollow spaces that house organs in the body. Cranial Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The cranial cavity is surrounded by the skull and contains organs such as the brain and pituitary gland. Thoracic Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The thoracic cavity is encircled by the sternum (breastbone) and ribs. It contains organs such as the brain and pituitary gland. Abdominal Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. It contains organs such as the stomach, gallbladder, liver, small intestines, and large intestines. The abdominal organs are held in place by a membrane called the peritoneum. Pelvic Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The pelvic cavity is enclosed by the pelvis, or bones of the hip. It contains organs such as the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, anus, and rectum. It contains the reproductive organs as well. In females, the pelvic cavity also contains the uterus. Spinal Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The spinal cavity is surrounded by the vertebral column. The vertebral column has five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. The spinal cord runs through the middle of the spinal cavity. The three primary planes of the human body are: - CORRECT ANSWER-frontal, saggital, and transverse. Frontal/Coronal plane: - CORRECT ANSWER-a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions. Saggital/Lateral plane: - CORRECT ANSWER-a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts Transverse plane: - CORRECT ANSWER-a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Anatomic Position: - CORRECT ANSWER-The body and head are straight up and, the feet are close but not touching, and the hands are pointed forward. Medial - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a structure being closer to the midline of the body. For example, the nose is medial to the eyes. Lateral: - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a structure being farther from the midline of the body, and is the opposite of medial. For example, the eyes are lateral to the nose. Proximal: - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a structure or body part located near an attachment point. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a structure or body part located far from an attachment point. For example, the wrist is distal to the elbow. Anterior: - CORRECT ANSWER-Means toward the front. For example, the lips are anterior to the teeth. Posterior: - CORRECT ANSWER-Means toward the back, and is the opposite of anterior. For example, the teeth are posterior to the lips. Superior: - CORRECT ANSWER-Means above and refers to a structure close to the head. For example, the head is superior to the neck. The terms cephalic or cranial may be used in place of superior. Inferior: - CORRECT ANSWER-Means below and refers to a structure farther from the head, and is opposite of superior. For example, the neck is inferior to the head. The term caudal may be used in place of inferior. Superficial: - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body. For example, the muscles are superficial because they are just beneath the surface of the skin Deep: - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a structure farther from the surface, and it is the opposite of superficial. For example, the femur is a deep structure lying beneath the muscles. Cervical: - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the neck Clavicular: - CORRECT ANSWER-pertaining to the clavicle or collarbone Ocular: - CORRECT ANSWER-Relating to the eyes Acromial: - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the shoulder Cubital - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the elbow Brachial - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the arm Carpal - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the wrist Thoracic - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the chest or thorax Abdominal - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the abdomen Pubic - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the groin Pelvic - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the pelvis, or bones of the hip Femoral - CORRECT ANSWER-Relating to the femur, or thigh bone Geniculate - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the knee Pedal - CORRECT ANSWER-Relating to the foot Palmar - CORRECT ANSWER-Relating to the palm of the hand Plantar - CORRECT ANSWER-relating to the sole of the foot Abdominopelvic region - CORRECT ANSWER-The combination of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. This region is divided into nine sections. right hypochondriac region - CORRECT ANSWER-region below the cartilage of the ribs Epigastric region - CORRECT ANSWER-the region above the stomach between the hypochondriac regions. left hypochondriac region - CORRECT ANSWER-region below the cartilage of the ribs Right lumbar - CORRECT ANSWER-region of the waist Umbilical - CORRECT ANSWER-the region between the lumbar regions where the umbilicus or navel is located. Left lumbar - CORRECT ANSWER-region of the waist Right inguinal - CORRECT ANSWER-region of the groin Hypogastric - CORRECT ANSWER-the region below the stomach between the inguinal regions. Left inguinal - CORRECT ANSWER-the region of the groin Abdominopelvic Area - CORRECT ANSWER-Is divided into four quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) - CORRECT ANSWER-Encompasses the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, epigastric, and umbilical regions. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) - CORRECT ANSWER-Encompasses the right lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, and umbilical regions. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) - CORRECT ANSWER-Encompasses the left hypochondriac, left lumbar, epigastric, and umbilical regions. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - CORRECT ANSWER-Encompasses the left lumbar, left inguinal, hypogastric, and umbilical regions. Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of cells. Histology - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of cells and tissues in living organisms. Cells must contain a: - CORRECT ANSWER-Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic information. The cell membrane forms: - CORRECT ANSWER-A barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell, envelops the cellular contents, and interfaces with the extracellular fluid through proteins and other structures found through proteins and other structures found in or on the cell membrane. Eukaryotic Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Those found in plants, animals, and fungi. Possess functional units called organelles. Organelle: - CORRECT ANSWER-A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell Nuclues - CORRECT ANSWER-Control center of the cell, contains DNA Rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER-Has ribosomes attached, assembles enzymes and proteins. Smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER-Lacks ribosomes and creates and stores lipids. Golgi apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER-Contains many enzymes, and these enzymes allow it to process incoming proteins and package them into small membranous sacs called vesicles for transport into and out of the cell. Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER-An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production o