BY115 Final Study Guide Spring 2023

BY115 Final Study Guide Spring 2023 The muscular wall of the heart is called the ________ and contains________ A. Myocardium, smooth muscle B. Epicardium, cardiac muscle C. Myocardium, cardiac muscle D. Epicardium, smooth muscle E. Endocardium, cardiac muscle C. Myocardium, cardiac muscle What is the purpose of the bio concave disc shape of an erythrocyte? A. Maximizes surface area B. Allows the cell to live longer C. Increases the opportunity of cells to clump together prevents D. Allows the cell to be flexible when traveling in capillaries E. All of the above A. Maximizes surface area Functions of the blood include _________ I. Delivery of O2 II. Thermoregulation III. Uptake of Carbon Dioxide from tissue IV. Immunity V. Stabilization of pH and electrolyte composition I, II, III, IV, and V Which statement regarding the pulmonary circuit is TRUE? A. Blood enters the left atrium from the capillary beds in peripheral tissues. B. The pulmonary trunk is the terminal end of the pulmonary circuit. C. Compared with the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit is relatively longer. D. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood. E. Blood enters the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle. D. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood The least abundant type of leukocyte are ___________ A. Neutrophils B. Monocytes C. Basophils D. Eosinophils E. Lymphocytes C. Basophils Which of the following leukocyte is responsible for specific immunity against individual pathogens? A. Eosinophils B. Lymphocytes C. Basophils D. Monocytes E. All of the above B. Lymphocytes All of the following are associated with the right atrium except: A. Coronary sinus B. Tricuspid valve C. Pectinate muscles D. Papillary muscles E. Fossa Ovalis D. Papillary muscles What is the sinoatrial node responsible for doing? A. It controls the rate of contraction B. It passes impulses to the ventricular myocardium C. It transverses the fibrous skeleton of the heart D. It delays the impulses to the atrioventricular bundle because it is the pacemaker E. It distributes impulses to papillary muscles A. It controls the rate of contraction In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located? A. left upper quadrant B. right upper quadrant C. left lower quadrant D. right lower quadrant A. Left upper quadrant (pancreas) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the _________ A. Right lymphatic duct B. Cisterna chyli C. Hepatic portal vein D. Thoracic Duct E. Lymphatic capillaries D. Thoracic duct Which of the following is incorrect? A. Lymph is a type of secretory epithelial tissue B. Lymphatic vessels usually have valves like veins do C. Lymph is an ultrafiltrate of blood D. Lymphatic organs include lacteals and peyer's patches E. All are incorrect A. Lymph is a type of secretory epithelial tissue Areas susceptible to deep vein thrombosis include: A. The ileocecal valve B. The popliteal fossa C. The ischiorectal fossa D. The antecubital fossa E. None of the above B. The popliteal fossa (knee, think of thrombosis as a regular occurrence in the legs) In the cardiac cycle, A. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the left ventricle, B. Blood returns to left atrium via the pulmonary arteries C. Blood passes into the aorta through the mitral valve D. Blood enters right atrium through superior and inferior venae cavae E. Blood exits to the lungs through the pulmonary veins D. Blood enters the right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava Fetal circulation: This is the respiratory organ of the fetus Placenta Fetal circulation: This vessel is part of the umbilical cord and carries deoxygenated blood Umbilical artery Fetal circulation: Blood shunts from right atrium to left atrium via this structure Foramen ovale Fetal circulation: Where is ductus venosus located? (give general location) The liver Fetal circulation: This structure will become the ligamentum arteriosum Ductus arteriosus (Be able to identify and label parts of fetal circulation!) (View photo) Which layer of arteries contracts in vasoconstriction during sympathetic innervation? A. Tunica Intima B. Tunica Externa C. Tunica Adventita D. Tunica Media E. Endothelial layer D. Tunica Media Tunica intima is the __________ layer, composed of _________ innermost; simple squamous epithelia Tunica externa is the ______ layer outermost Tunica adventitia is composed of ________ areolar connective tissue Tunica media is the ______ layer composed of ________ muscular; smooth muscle Key differences between a bronchus and a bronchiole include: A. Bronchi have cartilage and bronchioles do not B. Bronchi have simple squamous tissue and bronchioles have stratified squamous tissue C. Bronchioles have goblet cells and bronchi do not D. Both have cartilage and goblet cells but in different amounts A. Bronchi have cartilage, bronchioles do not What is the function of arytenoid cartilage? A. Close the larynx when swallowing B. Protect the trachea anteriorly C. Provide an attachment point for vocal ligaments D. Provide structure to the trachea so it does not collapse E. All are incorrect C. Provide an attachment point for vocal ligaments Which of the following is incorrect? A. Gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent in respiratory bronchioles B. Alveoli is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium C. There is a high abundance of capillaries surrounding alveoli D. The endothelium of capillaries is fused to the epithelium of alveoli E. Bronchi are marked by the presence of goblet cells B. Alveoli is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium Laryngeal muscles function to: A. Open the epiglottis for breathing B. Close the larynx strongly for protection C. Narrow the glottis and control vocal ligaments for vocalization D. Help swallow food E. None of the above C. Narrow the glottis and control vocal ligaments for vocalization The alveolar sac is lined with what kind of epithelium? simple squamous When the trachea bifurcates, it turns into what structure? primary bronchi Terminal bronchioles are lined with what kind of epithelium? simple columnar Type II alveolar cells are important in the production of_______ A. pleural fluid B. pleurisy C. surfactant D. histamine E. macrophages C. Surfactant What nerve supplies the diaphragm? phrenic nerve What type of tissue lines the luminal surface of the esophagus? stratified squamous The correct order of the digestive tube layers, from lumen outward, is: (1) mucosa (2) muscularis externa (3) serosa (4) submucosa A) 3, 1, 2, 4 B) 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 4, 2, 3, 1 D) 1, 4, 2, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 2 D. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa What is the function of plicae circulares in the small intestine? A. They increase surface area of intestinal wall for absorption B. They aid removing waste C. They produce a mucous layer that protects the intestinal wall D. They work with bile in emulsifying fat E. None of the above A. They increase surface area of the intestinal wall for absorption How does the duodenum protect itself from the acids coming from the stomach and the enzymes and other secretions coming in from the liver and pancreas? A. through duodenal chief cells B. through Peyer's patches C. through submucosal duodenal glands D. through seminal glands E. It does not need protection C. through submucosal duodenal glands Which of the following is correct? A. Pancreatic enzymes and bile enter at the duodenum B. The jejunum has a high concentration of lymphoid nodules to protect against large intestine bacteria C. Plicae and villi are smaller and sparser at the duodenum than at the ileum D. The epithelial lining of the small intestine contains simple cuboidal tissue E. All are correct A. Pancreatic enzymes and bile enter at the duodenum What are the functions of the liver? 1. regulation of blood levels of carbs, lipids, and amino acids 2. synthesis of bile 3. detoxification 4. removing damaged RBCs Accessory structures of digestion include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Spleen D. Gallbladder C. Spleen What lymphatic structure helps absorb fats and is found in the villi of small intestine? A. Lacteals B. Peyer's patches C. Adenoids D. Plicae Circulares E. None of the above A. Lacteals The portion of the stomach beneath the diaphragm is called ___________ A. Pylorus B. Fundus C. Cardia D. Body E. None of the above B. Fundus Fused, double sheets of peritoneal membrane in the abdomen are generally called what? mesenteries Production of digestive enzymes that break lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be absorbed is a function of which organ? A. Gallbladder B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Spleen E. Duodenum C. pancreas Which of the following arteries does not have a paired branch? A. Suprarenal artery B. Renal artery C. Testicular artery D. Ovarian artery E. Inferior mesenteric artery E. Inferior mesenteric artery The left gastric artery and splenic artery are branches of which of the following? A. Superior mesenteric artery B. Celiac trunk C. Inferior mesenteric artery D. Common hepatic artery E. None of the above B. Celiac trunk One of the most important functions of the large intestine is to_____________ A. Remove waste from foods previously eaten B. Absorb nutrients C. Reabsorb triglycerides into the lymphatic system D. Reabsorb water and electrolytes E. None of the above D. Reabsorb water and electrolytes The longitudinal muscle layer reduced to three bands found along the length of the large intestine is called__________ A. Epiploic appendage B. Diverticuli C. Haustra