ACSM STUDY GUIDE 2022
BIOMECHANICS - ANSWER principles of physics related to energy and force as they
apply to the human body
PROXIMAL - ANSWER CLOSER TO THE TRUNK
DISTAL - ANSWER further from the trunk
SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) - ANSWER above, toward the head
INFERIOR (CAUDAL) - ANSWER lower than, toward the feet
ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) - ANSWER toward the front
POSTERIOR (DORSAL) - ANSWER toward the back
MEDIAL - ANSWER closer to the midline
LATERAL - ANSWER further from the midline
THREE CARDINAL BODY PLANES - ANSWER sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse
plane
SAGITTAL PLANE - ANSWER makes a division into right and left portions
FRONTAL PLANE - ANSWER makes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions
TRANSVERSE PLANE - ANSWER makes a division into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) portions
ROTATION - ANSWER movement around a longitudinal axis, either toward or away
from the midline
CIRCUMDUCTION - ANSWER a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction
EVERSION - ANSWER turning the sole of the foot away from the midline
INVERSION - ANSWER turning the sole of the foot toward the midline
Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum... - ANSWER AXIAL SKELETON
,VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) - ANSWER serves as the main axial support for the
body
4 Major curvatures of the adult vertebral column - ANSWER cervical curve, thoracic
curve, lumbar curve,
sacral curve
KYPHOSIS "primary curves" - ANSWER curves of the thoracic and sacral regions
LORDOSIS "secondary curves" - ANSWER curves of the cervical and lumbar region
Commonly found abnormal curves in the sagittal plane - ANSWER hyperkyphosis and
hyperlordosis
HYPERKYPHOSIS - ANSWER exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature
HYPERLORDOSIS - ANSWER exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature
Commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane - ANSWER scoliosis
STERNUM - ANSWER midline of the chest
What are the 3 parts of the sternum? - ANSWER manubrium, body, xiphoid process
RF for family history - ANSWER myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or
sudden death to a 1st degree family member when >55 male, >65 female
RF for cigarette smoking - ANSWER within 6 months
Risk factor for Dyslipidemia LDL - ANSWER Lgreater than 130 mg/dL
RF Dyslipidemia Total Cholesterol - ANSWER greater than 200 mg/dL
RF Dyslipidemia low HDL - ANSWER less than 40 mg/dL
RF Sedentary minutes of activity, days of week, past # of months - ANSWER less than
30 min/day, 3 days/week, for at least 3 months
RF Prediabetes fasting blood glucose - ANSWER greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL up
to 126
greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL - ANSWER Fasting Blood Glucose for Diabetes
diagnosis
, RF for Obesity - ANSWER body mass of greater then or equal to 30kg/m2; waist
girthgreater than 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women
RF Age men, women - ANSWER 45 men, 55 women
Negative Risk Factor - ANSWER HDL greater than 60 mg/dL
RF for hypertensive - ANSWER systolic greater than or equal to 140; diastolic greater
then or equal to 90; confirmed by 2 separate occasions or on hypertension meds
obesity - ANSWER excessivly high amounts of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to
lean body mass
overweight - ANSWER increased body weight, in relation to height when compared to
some standard of acceptable or desirable weight
percent fat - ANSWER the total amount of weight that is measured as fat tissue
body mass index BMI - ANSWER the height to weight ratio can be misleading because
it does not consider body type
lean body mass - ANSWER not fat tissue: muscle, bone, skin etc
anorexia nervosa - ANSWER the disorder of self-induced starvation
bulimia nervosa - ANSWER the psychologically addictive cycle of binging/purging
USRDA food pyramid - ANSWER 1. fat, oils & sweets: use sparingly
2. milk, yogurt &cheese 2-3 servings;
3. meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, nuts, eggs: 2-3 servings;
4. fruits: 3-5 serv;
5. veggies: 3-5 serv.
6. bread, cereal, rice, & pasta: 6-11 serv
female athlete triad - ANSWER amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and eating disorders; when
left untreated they damage the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems
# of kilocalories in one gram - ANSWER Carbo= 4; fats=9; protein=4; alcohol=7
guidelines for losing weight - ANSWER 500-1000 cal daily to lose 1-2 lbs. per wk; same
to increase
kilocalaries - ANSWER equivalent to losing 1 lb of fat 3500cal
waist-hip ratio - ANSWER Hips/Waist (ex. 45" waist and 36" hips... 36/45=.8)
ratios above .86 for women and .95 for men indicate abdominal adiposity
BIOMECHANICS - ANSWER principles of physics related to energy and force as they
apply to the human body
PROXIMAL - ANSWER CLOSER TO THE TRUNK
DISTAL - ANSWER further from the trunk
SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) - ANSWER above, toward the head
INFERIOR (CAUDAL) - ANSWER lower than, toward the feet
ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) - ANSWER toward the front
POSTERIOR (DORSAL) - ANSWER toward the back
MEDIAL - ANSWER closer to the midline
LATERAL - ANSWER further from the midline
THREE CARDINAL BODY PLANES - ANSWER sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse
plane
SAGITTAL PLANE - ANSWER makes a division into right and left portions
FRONTAL PLANE - ANSWER makes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions
TRANSVERSE PLANE - ANSWER makes a division into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) portions
ROTATION - ANSWER movement around a longitudinal axis, either toward or away
from the midline
CIRCUMDUCTION - ANSWER a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction
EVERSION - ANSWER turning the sole of the foot away from the midline
INVERSION - ANSWER turning the sole of the foot toward the midline
Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum... - ANSWER AXIAL SKELETON
,VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) - ANSWER serves as the main axial support for the
body
4 Major curvatures of the adult vertebral column - ANSWER cervical curve, thoracic
curve, lumbar curve,
sacral curve
KYPHOSIS "primary curves" - ANSWER curves of the thoracic and sacral regions
LORDOSIS "secondary curves" - ANSWER curves of the cervical and lumbar region
Commonly found abnormal curves in the sagittal plane - ANSWER hyperkyphosis and
hyperlordosis
HYPERKYPHOSIS - ANSWER exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature
HYPERLORDOSIS - ANSWER exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature
Commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane - ANSWER scoliosis
STERNUM - ANSWER midline of the chest
What are the 3 parts of the sternum? - ANSWER manubrium, body, xiphoid process
RF for family history - ANSWER myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or
sudden death to a 1st degree family member when >55 male, >65 female
RF for cigarette smoking - ANSWER within 6 months
Risk factor for Dyslipidemia LDL - ANSWER Lgreater than 130 mg/dL
RF Dyslipidemia Total Cholesterol - ANSWER greater than 200 mg/dL
RF Dyslipidemia low HDL - ANSWER less than 40 mg/dL
RF Sedentary minutes of activity, days of week, past # of months - ANSWER less than
30 min/day, 3 days/week, for at least 3 months
RF Prediabetes fasting blood glucose - ANSWER greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL up
to 126
greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL - ANSWER Fasting Blood Glucose for Diabetes
diagnosis
, RF for Obesity - ANSWER body mass of greater then or equal to 30kg/m2; waist
girthgreater than 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women
RF Age men, women - ANSWER 45 men, 55 women
Negative Risk Factor - ANSWER HDL greater than 60 mg/dL
RF for hypertensive - ANSWER systolic greater than or equal to 140; diastolic greater
then or equal to 90; confirmed by 2 separate occasions or on hypertension meds
obesity - ANSWER excessivly high amounts of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to
lean body mass
overweight - ANSWER increased body weight, in relation to height when compared to
some standard of acceptable or desirable weight
percent fat - ANSWER the total amount of weight that is measured as fat tissue
body mass index BMI - ANSWER the height to weight ratio can be misleading because
it does not consider body type
lean body mass - ANSWER not fat tissue: muscle, bone, skin etc
anorexia nervosa - ANSWER the disorder of self-induced starvation
bulimia nervosa - ANSWER the psychologically addictive cycle of binging/purging
USRDA food pyramid - ANSWER 1. fat, oils & sweets: use sparingly
2. milk, yogurt &cheese 2-3 servings;
3. meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, nuts, eggs: 2-3 servings;
4. fruits: 3-5 serv;
5. veggies: 3-5 serv.
6. bread, cereal, rice, & pasta: 6-11 serv
female athlete triad - ANSWER amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and eating disorders; when
left untreated they damage the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems
# of kilocalories in one gram - ANSWER Carbo= 4; fats=9; protein=4; alcohol=7
guidelines for losing weight - ANSWER 500-1000 cal daily to lose 1-2 lbs. per wk; same
to increase
kilocalaries - ANSWER equivalent to losing 1 lb of fat 3500cal
waist-hip ratio - ANSWER Hips/Waist (ex. 45" waist and 36" hips... 36/45=.8)
ratios above .86 for women and .95 for men indicate abdominal adiposity
