LES 1: Duurzaamheidstransitie in
de economie
Inhoud
Grenzen aan de groei?..........................................................................................................................10
Economische groei............................................................................................................................10
Belang van economische groei.........................................................................................................10
Doelstellingen beleid vd overheden:....................................................................................................10
Impossible hamster..............................................................................................................................10
Belang economische groei....................................................................................................................10
Beperkingen BBP als maatstaaf............................................................................................................10
Huidig model....................................................................................................................................10
Eindigheid.............................................................................................................................................10
Beperking in parameters......................................................................................................................10
Modellen..............................................................................................................................................10
Duurzame ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................11
Definitie............................................................................................................................................11
Brundtlandrapport...............................................................................................................................11
3 concepten..........................................................................................................................................11
SDGs doelstellingen..............................................................................................................................11
SDG beperkingen..................................................................................................................................11
Ecologische grenzen aan de groei.........................................................................................................12
Economie..........................................................................................................................................12
Deelsysteem van de ecosfeer...............................................................................................................12
Kenmerken ecosfeer.............................................................................................................................12
Wetten van de thermodynamica......................................................................................................12
Energie..................................................................................................................................................12
Eerste wet (kwantiteit).........................................................................................................................12
Tweede wet (kwaliteit).........................................................................................................................12
Economie ivm wetten vd thermodynamica......................................................................................12
Zandloper van Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.........................................................................................12
Belasting op de wereld.....................................................................................................................12
Lege onbelaste wereld..........................................................................................................................12
Volle overbelaste wereld......................................................................................................................13
,Duurzame ontwikkelingen binnen de ecologische groei......................................................................13
3 beleidsdoestellingen (Daly en Farley)................................................................................................13
Vss ecologische economie en neoklassieke economie.........................................................................13
Efficiënte allocatie................................................................................................................................13
Verdeling..............................................................................................................................................13
schaalproblemen..............................................................................................................................13
Definitie................................................................................................................................................13
Grafiek..................................................................................................................................................13
Optimale schaal....................................................................................................................................14
Plimsoll lijn........................................................................................................................................14
Alternatieven voor de groei-economie.................................................................................................14
Steady-state economy......................................................................................................................14
Doel......................................................................................................................................................14
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................................14
Donut-economie (Kate Raworth)......................................................................................................14
Geen focus op groei..............................................................................................................................14
Ontgroei model................................................................................................................................14
Degrowth..............................................................................................................................................14
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................................15
Normatieve doelstellingen...................................................................................................................15
Terugkerende elementen bij alternatieven......................................................................................15
Wat is duurzaamheid?..........................................................................................................................24
Kernelementen.................................................................................................................................24
1. Dimensie tijd.....................................................................................................................................24
2. Dimensie ruimte...............................................................................................................................24
3. Duurzame ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................24
Ecosysteem.......................................................................................................................................24
4. Onttrekken aan het ecosysteem.......................................................................................................24
5. Voorzien maatschappelijke behoeften.............................................................................................24
6. Externe millieukosten.......................................................................................................................24
2 concepten van duurzaamheid...........................................................................................................24
Zwakke duurzaamheid......................................................................................................................24
7. Substitutie paradigma.......................................................................................................................24
8. Technologie optimisme....................................................................................................................24
9. Conventionele economische optimistische visie..............................................................................24
10. Modelmatig kijken naar de parameters..........................................................................................24
, Sterke duurzaamheid........................................................................................................................25
11. Geen substitutie paradigma...........................................................................................................25
12. Milieu pessimistische visie..............................................................................................................25
13. Technologie pessimisme.................................................................................................................25
14. Kritisch natuurlijk kapitaal..............................................................................................................25
sterke en zwakke duurzaamheid......................................................................................................25
Andere concepten............................................................................................................................25
Voorbeelden.....................................................................................................................................25
Duurzaamheid voedselconumptie....................................................................................................25
Hoe lager de voedselkilometer, hoe beter?......................................................................................25
Traject vh voedsel.............................................................................................................................26
Wat is technologie?..............................................................................................................................34
Technologie......................................................................................................................................34
Luddisme..........................................................................................................................................35
Duurzame technologie.........................................................................................................................35
End-of-pipe technologies..................................................................................................................35
Clean technologies...........................................................................................................................35
Duurzame energietechnologie.........................................................................................................35
Zwakke duurzaamheid......................................................................................................................35
Sterke duurzaamheid........................................................................................................................35
De economische benadering................................................................................................................35
Negatieve externe effecten..............................................................................................................35
Grafieken..........................................................................................................................................36
Beleidsinstrumenten........................................................................................................................36
Publiek goed.....................................................................................................................................36
Innovatie: begrippen............................................................................................................................36
Inventie.............................................................................................................................................36
Innovatie...........................................................................................................................................36
Innovatieproces................................................................................................................................37
Innovatiediffusie...............................................................................................................................37
Productinnovatie..............................................................................................................................37
Processinnovatie...............................................................................................................................37
Marketing innovatie.........................................................................................................................37
Organisatorische (of sociale) innovatie.............................................................................................37
Systeeminnovatie.............................................................................................................................37
Incrementele/nondrastic/minor innovatie.......................................................................................37
, Radicale/drastic/major.....................................................................................................................37
Innoveren: dromen van een betere wereld......................................................................................47
Futurist.................................................................................................................................................47
Utopie...................................................................................................................................................47
Dystopie...............................................................................................................................................47
Duurzame innovatie en diffusie........................................................................................................47
Proces technologische ontwikkeling.................................................................................................47
Technologie push privaat.....................................................................................................................47
Markt-pull.............................................................................................................................................47
Technologie push publiek.....................................................................................................................47
Beleid-push...........................................................................................................................................47
S-curve: diffusie van innovatie..........................................................................................................48
Vb.: clean cooking.............................................................................................................................48
Economische uitdagingen.................................................................................................................48
Technology treadmill............................................................................................................................48
Technology treadmill: landbouw..........................................................................................................48
Positieve spill-overs..............................................................................................................................48
Dubbel externaliteitsprobleem.............................................................................................................49
Lock-in traditionele technologie...........................................................................................................49
Lock-out van duurzame alternatieven..................................................................................................49
Markt pull traditionele technologie (lock-in)........................................................................................49
Ontbreken van markt pull voor nieuwe technologie (lock-out)............................................................49
Begrippen.........................................................................................................................................49
Schaalvoordelen...................................................................................................................................49
Leereffecten.........................................................................................................................................49
Netwerkexternaliteiten........................................................................................................................50
Verzonken kosten.................................................................................................................................50
Technologie readiness level (TRLs)...................................................................................................50
Technologiemanagement.................................................................................................................50
TM activiteiten (5)............................................................................................................................51
TM tools............................................................................................................................................51
Patent analyse......................................................................................................................................51
Portfolio management..........................................................................................................................51
Roadmapping.......................................................................................................................................51
S-curve..................................................................................................................................................51
Stage-gate.............................................................................................................................................52
de economie
Inhoud
Grenzen aan de groei?..........................................................................................................................10
Economische groei............................................................................................................................10
Belang van economische groei.........................................................................................................10
Doelstellingen beleid vd overheden:....................................................................................................10
Impossible hamster..............................................................................................................................10
Belang economische groei....................................................................................................................10
Beperkingen BBP als maatstaaf............................................................................................................10
Huidig model....................................................................................................................................10
Eindigheid.............................................................................................................................................10
Beperking in parameters......................................................................................................................10
Modellen..............................................................................................................................................10
Duurzame ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................11
Definitie............................................................................................................................................11
Brundtlandrapport...............................................................................................................................11
3 concepten..........................................................................................................................................11
SDGs doelstellingen..............................................................................................................................11
SDG beperkingen..................................................................................................................................11
Ecologische grenzen aan de groei.........................................................................................................12
Economie..........................................................................................................................................12
Deelsysteem van de ecosfeer...............................................................................................................12
Kenmerken ecosfeer.............................................................................................................................12
Wetten van de thermodynamica......................................................................................................12
Energie..................................................................................................................................................12
Eerste wet (kwantiteit).........................................................................................................................12
Tweede wet (kwaliteit).........................................................................................................................12
Economie ivm wetten vd thermodynamica......................................................................................12
Zandloper van Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.........................................................................................12
Belasting op de wereld.....................................................................................................................12
Lege onbelaste wereld..........................................................................................................................12
Volle overbelaste wereld......................................................................................................................13
,Duurzame ontwikkelingen binnen de ecologische groei......................................................................13
3 beleidsdoestellingen (Daly en Farley)................................................................................................13
Vss ecologische economie en neoklassieke economie.........................................................................13
Efficiënte allocatie................................................................................................................................13
Verdeling..............................................................................................................................................13
schaalproblemen..............................................................................................................................13
Definitie................................................................................................................................................13
Grafiek..................................................................................................................................................13
Optimale schaal....................................................................................................................................14
Plimsoll lijn........................................................................................................................................14
Alternatieven voor de groei-economie.................................................................................................14
Steady-state economy......................................................................................................................14
Doel......................................................................................................................................................14
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................................14
Donut-economie (Kate Raworth)......................................................................................................14
Geen focus op groei..............................................................................................................................14
Ontgroei model................................................................................................................................14
Degrowth..............................................................................................................................................14
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................................15
Normatieve doelstellingen...................................................................................................................15
Terugkerende elementen bij alternatieven......................................................................................15
Wat is duurzaamheid?..........................................................................................................................24
Kernelementen.................................................................................................................................24
1. Dimensie tijd.....................................................................................................................................24
2. Dimensie ruimte...............................................................................................................................24
3. Duurzame ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................24
Ecosysteem.......................................................................................................................................24
4. Onttrekken aan het ecosysteem.......................................................................................................24
5. Voorzien maatschappelijke behoeften.............................................................................................24
6. Externe millieukosten.......................................................................................................................24
2 concepten van duurzaamheid...........................................................................................................24
Zwakke duurzaamheid......................................................................................................................24
7. Substitutie paradigma.......................................................................................................................24
8. Technologie optimisme....................................................................................................................24
9. Conventionele economische optimistische visie..............................................................................24
10. Modelmatig kijken naar de parameters..........................................................................................24
, Sterke duurzaamheid........................................................................................................................25
11. Geen substitutie paradigma...........................................................................................................25
12. Milieu pessimistische visie..............................................................................................................25
13. Technologie pessimisme.................................................................................................................25
14. Kritisch natuurlijk kapitaal..............................................................................................................25
sterke en zwakke duurzaamheid......................................................................................................25
Andere concepten............................................................................................................................25
Voorbeelden.....................................................................................................................................25
Duurzaamheid voedselconumptie....................................................................................................25
Hoe lager de voedselkilometer, hoe beter?......................................................................................25
Traject vh voedsel.............................................................................................................................26
Wat is technologie?..............................................................................................................................34
Technologie......................................................................................................................................34
Luddisme..........................................................................................................................................35
Duurzame technologie.........................................................................................................................35
End-of-pipe technologies..................................................................................................................35
Clean technologies...........................................................................................................................35
Duurzame energietechnologie.........................................................................................................35
Zwakke duurzaamheid......................................................................................................................35
Sterke duurzaamheid........................................................................................................................35
De economische benadering................................................................................................................35
Negatieve externe effecten..............................................................................................................35
Grafieken..........................................................................................................................................36
Beleidsinstrumenten........................................................................................................................36
Publiek goed.....................................................................................................................................36
Innovatie: begrippen............................................................................................................................36
Inventie.............................................................................................................................................36
Innovatie...........................................................................................................................................36
Innovatieproces................................................................................................................................37
Innovatiediffusie...............................................................................................................................37
Productinnovatie..............................................................................................................................37
Processinnovatie...............................................................................................................................37
Marketing innovatie.........................................................................................................................37
Organisatorische (of sociale) innovatie.............................................................................................37
Systeeminnovatie.............................................................................................................................37
Incrementele/nondrastic/minor innovatie.......................................................................................37
, Radicale/drastic/major.....................................................................................................................37
Innoveren: dromen van een betere wereld......................................................................................47
Futurist.................................................................................................................................................47
Utopie...................................................................................................................................................47
Dystopie...............................................................................................................................................47
Duurzame innovatie en diffusie........................................................................................................47
Proces technologische ontwikkeling.................................................................................................47
Technologie push privaat.....................................................................................................................47
Markt-pull.............................................................................................................................................47
Technologie push publiek.....................................................................................................................47
Beleid-push...........................................................................................................................................47
S-curve: diffusie van innovatie..........................................................................................................48
Vb.: clean cooking.............................................................................................................................48
Economische uitdagingen.................................................................................................................48
Technology treadmill............................................................................................................................48
Technology treadmill: landbouw..........................................................................................................48
Positieve spill-overs..............................................................................................................................48
Dubbel externaliteitsprobleem.............................................................................................................49
Lock-in traditionele technologie...........................................................................................................49
Lock-out van duurzame alternatieven..................................................................................................49
Markt pull traditionele technologie (lock-in)........................................................................................49
Ontbreken van markt pull voor nieuwe technologie (lock-out)............................................................49
Begrippen.........................................................................................................................................49
Schaalvoordelen...................................................................................................................................49
Leereffecten.........................................................................................................................................49
Netwerkexternaliteiten........................................................................................................................50
Verzonken kosten.................................................................................................................................50
Technologie readiness level (TRLs)...................................................................................................50
Technologiemanagement.................................................................................................................50
TM activiteiten (5)............................................................................................................................51
TM tools............................................................................................................................................51
Patent analyse......................................................................................................................................51
Portfolio management..........................................................................................................................51
Roadmapping.......................................................................................................................................51
S-curve..................................................................................................................................................51
Stage-gate.............................................................................................................................................52
