Social Sciences and History CLEP Study Guide

C. Wright Mills --Sociological imagination Definition of Sociological imagination --Type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology Sigmund Freud --Unconscious mind Opportunity cost --the value of the best alternative forgone, in a situation in which a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives given limited resources. Marbury vs. Madison --(1803), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government. Miranda Rights --a warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) before they are interrogated to preserve the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings. Regression --a defensive reaction to some unaccepted impulses Jean Piaget --9 August 1896 - 16 September 1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology". Mean --average of a set of values Median --the middle value of a set of values Mode --value that appears the most often in a set of data Reason for the Boxer Rebellion --a violent anti-foreign (westerners) and anti- Christian movement which took place in China between 1899 and 1901. It was initiated by the Righteous Harmony Society (Yihetuan) and was motivated by proto- nationalist sentiments and opposition to foreign imperialism and Christianity. The Great Powers intervened and defeated Chinese forces, in a humiliation for China. control group --receive either no treatment or a standard treatment. Laissez Faire --is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights Freedom Riders --civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and following years to challenge the non- enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Irene Morgan v. Divided Government --describes a situation in which one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of the United States Congress. Emile Durkheim --collective conscience (French conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. The great lakes --began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 10,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets carved basins into the land and they became filled with meltwater. New York City Draft Riots --violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil insurrection in American history outside of the Civil War itself Group conformity --is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. Great Society --was a set of domestic programs in the United States first announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson at Ohio University, then at University of Michigan, and subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s. Goal was to elimination of poverty and racial injustice. civil rights movement --a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law that peaked in the 1960s. Alexander the Great --Unified ancient greece Reason for the Alaskan Purchase --Russia feared Britain would invade this area and seize it for itself. This led them to sell it to the U.S. Vice President --Succession to President if needed. President of the Congress. Socialization --is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society.