SPHR Study Guide

Needs assessment / Needs analysis methods for obtaining the information necessary to make decisions that will best accomplish an organization's goals 7 Steps of a Needs Analysis/Needs Assessment Step 1: Describe the objective Step 2: Define the current situation Step 3: Conduct a gap analysis Step 4: Set priorities Step 5: Investigate and develop options Step 6: Evaluate options and determine budget impact Step 7: Recommend solutions Contract a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties in which all parties benefit in some way Third-party contract some part of the transaction is provided by an entity other than those who have signed the contract 6 Steps of Disciplinary Action Step 1: Verbal Warning Step 2: First Written Warning Step 3: Final Written Warning Step 4: Decision-Making Day Step 5: Suspension Step 6: Termination of Employment Andragogy the study of how adults learn; education in which the Learner participates in decisions about what will be taught and how it will be delivered Pedagogy the study of how children learn semicolon education in which the teacher decides what will be taught and how it will be delivered 3 Types of Learners Auditory, Visual, Tactile/Kinesthetic Tactile/Kinesthetic learners physical learners; rely on their sense of touch for memory recall Moslow's Hierarchy of Needs (5 levels) Physiological Needs - most basic needs; food, shelter, clothing Safety Needs - safe from physical and emotional harm Social Needs - acceptance and belonging in their social group Esteem Needs - recognition for their achievements Self-actualization Needs - opportunities to be creative and fulfill their own potential; depend on themselves to find and act on them B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning - Behavioral Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Extinction Positive Reinforcement encourages continuation of a behavior by providing a pleasant response when the behavior occurs Negative Reinforcement encourages continuation of a behavior by removing an unpleasant response to a behavior Punishment discourages future occurrence of the behavior by providing an unpleasant response when the behavior occurs Extinction discourages future occurrence of the behavior by ceasing to reinforce it Freferick Herzberg's Motivation/Hygiene Theory (Two-factor Theory) "what makes people happy is what they do or the way they're used, and what makes people unhappy is the way they're treated" Satisfaction (Motivation) Factors motivate by changing the nature of the work so that people are challenged to develop their talents and fulfill their potential Dissatisfaction (Hygiene) Factors motivate to the extent that they allow people to avoid unpleasant experiences Job Enrichment The significance of the tasks in a job is increased to provide challenging work and growth opportunities Douglas McGregor: Theory X Managers Have a worldview of employees as lazy and uninterested in work and needing constant direction to complete their assignments. Employees are interested in job security above all else. These employees are generally autocratic, utilizing a top- down management style.