BIOS 251 Final Exam Review 2023 A+

BIOS 251 Final Exam Review 2023 A+ Components of the homeostatic control loop - ANS-receptor, control center, effector Negative feedback - ANS--works to oppose change -brings condition back to a set point Positive feedback - ANS--works to enhance change -brings condition further away from a set point Tonicity - ANS-relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells Hypotonic solution - ANS-RBC undergoes hemolysis (swelling) Hypertonic solution - ANS-RBC undergoes crenation (shrinking) Osmosis - ANS--concentration of solutes per liter -water moves from high concentration of water to low concentration of water Factors that influence diffusion across a cell membrane - ANS--steepness of concentration gradient -temperature -mass of diffusing substance -surface area -diffusion distance Passive processes that move substances across the cell membrane - ANS--Simple diffusion -Facilitated diffusion Osmosis processes that move substances across the cell membrane - ANS--Active processes -Active transport -Vesicular transport Primary active transport - ANS-energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient Secondary active transport - ANS--energy stored (in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients -substance is being transported "against its will" Types of active transport in vesicles - Continues...