Pathophysiology Questions and Answers latest

Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered. - dura mater Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and CSF for return to general circulation. - dural sinuses Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels - mediastinum (what is it) Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to diaphragm. - pericardial sac inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves - endocardium separtes L & R sides of heart - septum in heart pacemaker - SA node - other name basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per minute) - sinus rhythm right atrium - location of sinoatrial node Spreads through atrial conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria - Where does impulse go to after SA node Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA node sent it through atria - AV node - what is it Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of conduction system. - AV node - where is it Bundle of His - other name - AV bundle - other name Records electrical changes sent by conduction impulses as picked up by electrodes - ECG - what does it do normal programmed cell death in tissues - apoptosis originating from within the body - endogenous originating from outside the body - exogenous necrotic tissue infected by bacteria - gangrene decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues - hypoxia caused by a treatment, procedure or error - iatrogenic no known cause - idiopathic decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue - ischemia destruction of a cell - lysis released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause inflammation and damage to nearby cells and reduced function - lysosomal enzymes structural - morphologic development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process - pathogenesis Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild signs, but with harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis - insidious pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations exhibited, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney damage may progress to an advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are manifested. - subclinical silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation period in some infectious diseases. May be communicable during this period. - latent time in early development of disease; pt know of change in body, but signs are nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to confirm diagnosis. - prodromal clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or systemic - manifestations specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic - lesion collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ. Usually occur together in response to a certain condition. - syndrome manifestations of the disease subside - remission manifestations of the disease increase - exacerbation