CIS 2200 FINAL (PART 2 CHAPTER 11 & 12) |63 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Data Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in the organization or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use. Knowledge Concepts, experience, and insight that provide a framework for creating, evaluating, and using information. Wisdom The collective and individual experience of applying knowledge to the solution of problems. Tacit Knowledge Expertise and experience of organizational members that has not been formally documented. Explicit Knowledge Knowledge that has been documented. Important Dimensions of Knowledge Knowledge is a firm asset Knowledge has different forms Knowledge has a location Knowledge is situational Organizational Learning Creation of new standard operating procedures and business processes that reflect organizations' experience. Knowledge Management The set of processes developed in an organization to create, gather, store, maintain, and disseminate the firm's knowledge. "Effective knowledge management is __________ managerial and organizational and __________ technological." 80% 20% Knowledge Management Value Chain 1. Knowledge acquisition 2. Knowledge storage 3. Knowledge dissemination 4. Knowledge application COPs Informal social networks of professionals and employees within and outside the firm who have similar work-related activities and interests and share their knowledge. Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems General-purpose, firm-wide systems that collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge. Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Information systems that aid knowledge workers in the creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization. Intelligent Techniques Software program that uses a built-in or learned knowledge base to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks for an individual user, business process, or software application. AI Effort to develop computer-based systems that can think and behave like humans. Major Types of AI: Expert Systems Knowledge-intensive computer program that captures the expertise of a human in limited domains of knowledge. Represent the knowledge of experts as a set of rules that can be programmed so that a computer can assist human decision makers. Knowledge Base Model of human knowledge that is used by expert systems. Inference Engine The strategy used to search through the rule base in an expert system; can be forward or backward chaining. Major Types of AI: Machine Learning Software that can identify patterns in very large databases without explicit programming although with significant human training. Supervised Learning Machine learning algorithm trained by providing specific examples of desired inputs and outputs classified by humans in advance. Unsupervised Learning Machine learning algorithm trained to use information that is neither classified nor labeled in advance and to find patterns in that information without explicit human guidance. Major Types of AI: Neural Networks and Deep Learning Loosely based on human neurons, algorithms that can be trained to classify objects into known categories based on data inputs. Deep learning uses multiple layers of neural networks to reveal the underlying patterns in data, and in some limited cases identify patterns without human training. Major Types of AI: Genetic Algorithms Problem-solving methods that promote the evolution of solutions to specified problems using the model of living organisms adapting to their environment. Algorithms based loosely on evolutionary natural selection and mutation, commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems. Major Types of AI: Natural Language Processing Algorithms that make it possible for a computer to understand and analyze natural human language. Major Types of AI: Computer Vision Systems Systems that can view and extract information from real-world images. Major Types of AI: Robotics Use of machines that can substitute for human movements as well as computer systems for their control and information processing. Major Types of AI: Intelligent Agents Software agents that use built-in or learned knowledge to perform specific tasks or services for an individual. Structured Knowledge Knowledge in the form of structured documents and reports. ECM Enterprise Content Management: Helps organizations manage structured and semi-structured knowledge, providing corporate repositories of documents, reports, presentations, and best practices and capabilities for collecting and organizing email and graphic objects. Taxonomy Method of classifying things according to a predetermined system. Digital Asset Management Systems Classify, store, and distribute digital objects such as photographs, graphic images, video, and audio content. LMS Learning Management System: Tools for the management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning. MOOCs Massive Open Online Courses: Online course made available via the web to very large numbers of participants. CAD Computer-Aided Design: Information system that automates the creation and revision of designs using sophisticated graphics software. 3-D Printing Uses machines to make solid objects, layer by layer, from specifications in a digital file. Also known as additive manufacturing. VR Systems Virtual Reality Systems: Interactive graphics software and hardware that create computer-generated simulations that provide sensations that emulate real-world activities. AR Augmented Reality: A technology for enhancing visualization. Provides a live direct or indirect view of a physical real-world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual computer-generated imagery. Unstructured Decisions Nonroutine decisions in which the decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation, and insights into the problem definition; there is no agreed-upon procedure for making such decisions. Structured Decisions Decisions that are repetitive and routine and have a definite procedure for handling them. Semi-Structured Decisions Decisions in which only part of the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure. Simon's Four Stages of Decision Making Intelligence Design Choice Implementation Intelligence When the individual collects information to identify problems occurring in the organization. Design When the individual conceives of possible alternative solutions of a problem. Choice When the individual selects among the various solution alternatives. Implementation All the organizational activities surrounding the adoption, management, and routinization of an innovation, such as a new information system. Classical Model of Management Traditional description of management that focused on its formal functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding, and controlling.