Karch Focus on Nursing Pharmacology Chapter 2 questions and answers well illustrated.

Karch Focus on Nursing Pharmacology Chapter 2 questions and answers well illustrated. Absorption - correct happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid; intravenous administration causes the drug to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications of absorption from other routes Active Transport - correct movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy biotransformation Chemotherapeutic Agents - correct etic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell Critical Concentration - correct concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired effect Distribution - correct movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a rug may be distributed depend on the drugs solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the site to plasma proteins Enzyme Induction - correct ss by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system Excretion - correct al of a drug by the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur in the kidneys, skin, lungs, bile or feces First Pass Effect - correct answers.a phenomenon of which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given in other routes because of this early breakdown Glomerular Filtration - correct passage of water and water soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule Half-Life - correct time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved Hepatic Microsomal System - correct enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals, including drugs Loading Dose - correct of a higher dose than that which is usually used for tx to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner Passive diffusion - correct ent of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy Pharmacodynamics - correct science that deals with the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter living organisms; the way a drug affects the body Pharmacogenomics - correct study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs Pharmacokinetics - correct way the body deals with a drug, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion Placebo Effect - correct ented effect of the mind on drug therapy; if a person perceives that a drug will be effective the drug is much more likely to actually be effective Receptor Sites - correct fics areas on cell membranes that react on certain chemicals to cause an effect in a cell Selective Toxicity - correct rty of a chemotherapeutic agent that affect sonly systems found in foreign cells w/o affecting healthy human cells [i.e.,specific antibodies can affect certain proteins or enzymes systems used by bacteria but not by humans] _________ is the study of the way that drugs affect the body - correct acodynamics drugs work in what 3 ways - correct answers.1- replacing natural chemicals 2- stimulating normal cell activity 3- depressing normal cell activity _____________ agents work by interfering with normal cell function, causing cell death. the most desirable of which are those with selective toxicity to foreign cells and their activities - correct answers.Chemotherapeutic Drugs frequently act at _____ _______ sites on cell membranes to stimulate enzyme systems within the cell and to alter the cell's activities - correct fic receptor