Focus on Nursing Pharmacology - Amy M. Karch - Chapter 2 questions and answers latest top score.

Focus on Nursing Pharmacology - Amy M. Karch - Chapter 2 questions and answers latest top score. Absorption - correct answers.What happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid. Intravenous administration - correct answers.Permit drugs to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications of absorption from other routes. Active transport - correct answers.The movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy. Chemotherapeutic agents - correct answers.Synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cells in critical concentrations. Critical concentration - correct answers.The concentration of a drug that must reach the tissues, that respond to the particular drug, in order to cause the desired therapeutic effect. Distribution - correct answers.The movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drug's solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins. Enzyme induction - correct answers.The process by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system. Excretion - correct answers.The removal of a drug from the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile, or feces. First-pass effect - correct answers.A phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation. Glomerular filtration - correct answers.The passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule. Half-life - correct answers.The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of its peak level. Hepatic microsomal system - correct answers.The liver enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals and drugs. Loading dose - correct answers.The use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner. Passive diffusion - correct answers.The movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy. Pharmacodynamics - correct answers.The study of how a drug affects the body. Pharmacogenomics - correct answers.The study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs. Pharmacokinetics - correct answers.The study of how the body acts on the drug -- including absorption, distribution, bio-transformation, and excretion. Placebo effect - correct answers.The documented effect of the mind on drug therapy; if a person perceives that a drug will be effective, the drug is much more likely to actually be effective. Receptor sites - correct answers.Specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell (lock and key principle). Selective toxicity - correct answers.The property of a chemotherapeutic agent that affects only systems found in foreign cells without affecting healthy human cells (e.g., specific antibiotics can affect certain proteins or enzyme systems used by bacteria but not by human cells). Replace - correct answers.Drugs usually work in one of four ways, to _____ or act as substitute for missing chemicals. Increase - correct answers.Drugs usually work in one of four ways, to increase or stimulate certain cellular activities. Depress - correct answers.Drugs usually work in one of four ways, to _____ or slow cellular activities.