Exploration and Absolutism (2023/2024) Rated A

Exploration and Absolutism (2023/2024) Rated A Cardinal Richelieu French clergyman, noble and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1624 Thirty Years War Began in Prague as a Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire France, Denmark, and Sweden were all looking for ways to weaken the empire and its ruling family, the Habsburgs Treaty of Westphalia Treaty that ended the 30 Years war. Between France and Prussia Absolutism Government where the ruler's power is unlimited Divine Right It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority. Their power was given by god Versailles Where King Louis XIV (14) had his palace. It symbolized France's power and authority Ferdinand and Isabella Leaders of Spain and started a trend that if you were not Catholic you should not be in Spain Had the strongest navy (Spanish Armada) Circumnavigate Go around the world successfully Privateer an armed ship owned and supervised by private individuals holding a government commission and authorized for use in war, especially in the capture of enemy merchant shipping. Columbian Exchange The exchange of products and technologies, as well as the general contact of the two Hemispheres Colony Country or area under the full or partial political control of another country Conquistador A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru What are the five reasons Absolute rulers used to defend their rule? Which was most important? Divine Right Political Economic Social Cultural Why didn't England share absolute authority like other countries in Europe? Because their Parliament prevented total power of the King Triangle Trade As the Europeans became further established in Americas, a trade pattern between Europe, Africa and The Americas was established known as the Triangular Trade Route Triangle had how many legs 3 steps First Ships left Europe loaded with Manufactured goods( exs. Guns, swords, clothes, and rum) bound for west Africa In West Africa, the manufactured goods would be traded to local rulers in Africa who would trade other Africans that they had enslaved. In addition, the Europeans would capture salves from the interior of Africa when possible The middle passage The Enslaved Africans would be taken to plantations in North and South America where they would be sold ○ This long journey for the slaves was known as the Middle passage ○ The slave traders used the money from the slaves they sold to buy sugar, coffee, or tobacco, which they could bring back Europe Gold and metal exports The Caribbean's main product was Sugar ○ Europeans also discovered that gold and silver were in the "new world" ○ They began gold and silver mines ○ The Europeans forced natives or slaves to work these mines impact from gold exports The Spanish quest for gold led them to destroy both the Aztec and in gold were can Empires, as both had huge reserves of gold The ships that they used to sport the gold were known as Spain's treasure fleet ○ The gold that they exported back to Europe made Spain on of the Richest countries in the world ○ The faced frequent raids from pirates and privateers, international wealth was based on how much gold reserves, "(Bullion") a country had Columbian Exchange After Columbus' 1492 discovery of the new world, the western and Eastern Hemispheres came in frequent contact with each other The exchange of products from old world to the New world was names after Christopher Columbus ○ The exchange of products and technologies, as well as the general contact of the two Hemispheres became known as the Columbian Exchange Agricultural Products; New World to Old World The Agricultural products the moves from one continent to the other changes lifestyles on both sides of the Atlantic Potatoes, Corn, Tomatoes, and Tobacco ○ New Products for the Europeans included: ○ Potatoes and corn became important crops in Europe as they could provide much more calories and Nutritional European crops( Wheat, Rye) ○ Tobacco would later become a cash crop for Europe Agriculture: Old World to New World New Products to the Native Americans: Wheat, Fruits, Sugar Cane, Coffee Biggest impact on changing their lives as they were great work animals ○ They were also introduced to some animals they had never seen before: horses and Cattle were the Two things that the Americans were introduced to The Global Economy Exploration led to the world being linked ○ Portuguese were first world traders ○ Spanish would also build a vast trade network The Dutch Empire Built on the Spice trade(pepper, Nutmeg, etc.) Goal was to capture spice trade from Portuguese 1621 went to war with Spain to control trade in the America's Would also eventually control the majority of slave trade ○ 1602 Dutch East India company established Mercantilism An economic practice adopted by major colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient; based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the ◊ Try to control as many resourced as possible and you can control more money that rival empires. Thus, you're richer and more powerful Solution □ There is a LIMITED amount of money and resources in the world Problem Already past the awing factor of Jamestown ◊ Explore the new world chiefly the Americas, and established colonies. Use their raw resources to make and sell products for more money Solution □ If you don't have access to gold, silver, tobacco, corn, potatoes, or rum. Where do you get it? Problem mother country ○ More colonies meant more resources and more MONEY Louis XIV 1. Louis ruled France from 1661 to 1714 2. He was a firm supporter of divine right ok kings and absolutism 3. He ruled with unlimited power and did not have to call his legislative assembly, the Estates General during his reign 4. His motto was "l'etat, c'est moi" ("I am the State") 5. His place at Versailles is a symbol of France's power and authority Fredrick the great of Prussia - Germany and Poland is Prussia 1. Fredrick ruled Prussia from 2. He transformed Prussia into a great military power acquiring many new regions a. Supported artists and thinkers b. Promoted religions tolerance c. Established a new legal code d. Improved agricultural practices e. Abolished physical punishment 3. He was and ENLIGHTENED ruler Peter the Great of Russia 1. Ruled from 2. Peter created a new image for Russia C) Description: Peter the Great of Russia Absolutism Peter created a new image for Russia 3. He gained lands in western Russia and made it into and empire and major European power 4. He WESTERNIZED Russia 5. He WESTERNIZED Russia's culture and style of life 6. He brought new scientific, technical and academic, knowledge from Western Europe What happened to King Charles I? King Charles 1 of England was put on trial in London on Jan. 1 1649. He was accused of being a, tyrant, traitor and murderer; and a public and implacable enemy to the Commonwealth of England 1. The Judgment of the court said; he the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, tractor, murderer and public enemy to the good of this nation, shall be put to death by severing of his head from his body 2. It is said that when he was he headed a large groan went up throat the crown. One observer in the crowd described it as such a groan by the thousands the present, as I never heard before and desire 1 may never hear again 3. Even in death, CHARLES found no dignity. Spectators were allowed to go up to the scaffold and, after paying, dip handkerchiefs in his blood as it was felt that the blood of a king when wiped onto a wound, illness etc. would cur that illness Ferdinand and Isabella Kicked the Muslim Moors out of Spain ○ Enforced religious unity (Catholicism) ○ Enforced and colonized the new world (Climbs, Cortes, Pizarro A common belief was that power and wealth was judged by the amount of gold and silver a nation has, and nobody had more that Spain because of the Spanish Armada Phillip II Sought to expand and consolidate his power at home and in the New World ○ Sought to expand and defend Catholicism(used the Inquisition against protestants) ○ He ruled Spain as an ABOSULUTE MONARCH and claimed he ruled by DIVINE RIGHT ○ Spain enjoyed its "Sigel Ivo de otro" or its golden century () Arts and literature flourished ○ But Spain also expelled all Muslims and Jews which had a negative effect on its economy ○ Invaded England But Underestimated their power and never regain it and loos almost every thing Absolute Rulers Believe in what Has to believe in the divine right of Kings- the Belief that rulers received their authority to rule from God and were answerable only to God The Ruler held UNLIMITED POWER and all individuals were subjects of the ruler and owned loyalty and obedience to the ruler The Ruler encouraged industry and trade to strengthen the economy The Ruler dominated the cultural life of his nation either as a patron of the arts or by censoring the arts The ruler dominated the upper classes who in turn dominated the lower classes Which four nations, specifically, dominated the politics of Europe? Spain, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria ) What did smaller nations form in order to not feel helpless against the power of absolute monarchs? They began to use balance of power (forming alliances) to survive What is Commercial Revolution Great Increase in commerce in Europe that began in the late middle ages What is accociated with Commercial Revolution A surge of Oversea trade, the creation of the charted company, acceptance of the principles of mercantilism, the creation of the money economy, increase economic specialization, and the establishment of new institutions Bartholomue Diaz Portugal, Find a trade route from Europe to Asia One of the first to the tip of Africa and discovered the Cape of Good Hope Vasco de Gama Portugal Open trade routes to India Helped discover Cape of Good hope One of the first to sail below the tip of Africa Christopher Columbus Spain Find spices and gold and trade routes Discovered Southern Mexico and the Bahamas Hernan Cortes Spain Was a conquistador Discovered New Spain and old Mexico. He also conquered the Aztecs and took the leader hostage Francisco Pizarro Spain Seeking fortune in the New World Sailed to Peru Conquered the Inca Empire John Cabot (1450 - c. 1499) was an Italian-born English explorer and navigator sailed to Canada in 1497. Cabot landed near Labrador, Newfoundland, or Cape Breton Island (the exact spot is uncertain) on June 24, 1497. He was the first European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North America and the first to search for the Northwest Passage. Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. Francis Drake () English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. During the voyage, Drake plundered Spanish shipping in the Caribbean and Central America and loaded his ship with treasure. Jacques Cartier 1534, Explored Canada looking for the NW passage, traveled up the St. Lawrence River to Montreal, Discovered St. Lawrence River Henry Hudson An English explorer sponsored by the Dutch East India Company, Hudson sailed up the river that now bears his name in 1609, nearly reaching present-day Albany. His explorations gave the Dutch territorial claims to the Hudson Bay region. Marquette and Joliet 1673 explored Mississippi, took St. Lawrence river to Great Lakes. Began setting up forts to prevent English and Spanish invansion. Began importing slaves and women (1680) Juan Ponce De Leon Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow. Amerigo Vespucci AD Italian explorer and navigator who, upon exploring the American mainland and the South American coast, concluded that Columbus' discovery was actually a new world. It was named "America" in his honor.