Absolutism Questions and Answers Already Graded A

Absolutism Questions and Answers Already Graded A 3 Critical Attributes of Absolutism -divine right -political sovereignty -no checks and balances Absolutism When a king or queen controls all aspects of their subjects lives Edict of Nantes A declaration of religious toleration directed at Huguenots by Henry of Navarre Cardinal Richelieu -Appointed minister by Louis XIII after Henry IV died -effectively the ruler of France and of the Catholic church -moved against Huguenots and sought to weaken nobles' power in order to increase his power Cardinal Mazarin -true ruler of France, Richelieu's successor -ended 30 years war -ruled while Louis XIV was still too young Skepticism The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain Louis XIV -strongest king of his time -began reign at 4 years old -weakened nobles and had agents called intendants that collected taxes and and administered justice Louis's control over nobility -excluded them from his councils -used intendants -made sure officials communicated with him regularly -nobles waited in his room and outside every morning to gain favor Palace of Versailles A huge palace outside of Paris where he lived that showed off his wealth Jean Baptiste Colbert/mercantilism -minister of finance to Louis who made France self-suficient through mercantilism: able to manufacture all necessary things; export more than import -gave funds to French industries and companies Patronage to the Arts -Louis made opera and ballet more popular -appreciated French plays; comedy -purpose of art now to glorify the king and his ideas Disastrous Wars -Louis invaded the Netherlands and gained more land -lost later on when other European countries allied against him -War of Spanish succession lasted until 1714 when a treaty was made Thirty Years War The Hapsburg family that ruled the Holy Roman Empire closed churches to stop the spread of Protestantism which resulted in revolt -many protestant german princes opposed the Hapsburg family The Hapsburgs The ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire that started the Thirty Years War Peace of Westphalia -weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria -Strengthened france with germany -made german princes independent to holy roman emperor -introduced new method of peace negotiation -marked beginning of modern state system Marie Theresa Charles VIs oldest daughter that was recognized as the heir to the Hapsburg family -faced years of war -main enemy was Prussia Fredrick the Great -followed fathers military policies when he came to power -softened some laws -encouraged religious toleration and legal reform War of Austrian Succession -Fredrick the Great invaded Austria and underestimated Marie Theresa -Marie was pledged an army from Hungary -stopped Prussia's aggression, but lost Silesia in Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Ivan the Terrible -came to Russian throne when he was 3 years old -young life disrupted by struggles for power of the boyars - "good period", married Anastasia -after 1560 "bad period", Anastasia died -1581 killed his oldest son in a quarrel and died 3 years later leaving his second, weaker son to rule Romanov Dynasty -after Ivan's son died, russia fell into turmoil, "Time of Troubles" -1613 representatives met to choose next czar, Michael Ronamov, grandnephew of Anastasia Russia VS. Europe -major religious differences -Russia knew little of Western Europe -did not experience Renaissance or Age of Exploration -geographically isolated Peter the Great -thought Russia's future depended on having a warm-water port -24 years old when he came sole ruler -traveled to Western Europe to learn and westernize Russia -brought Church under state control -reduced power of landowners -hired Europeans to train his army with European tactics and sell them modern weapons -raised women's status -created new schools and promoted education St. Petersburg Peter fought Sweden for a piece of the Baltic coast to create a new sea port to make it easier to sail to Western Europe -victorious James I & Parliament -inherited problems from elizabeth's reign -offended Parliament -refused to make Puritan reforms Charles I & Parliament -always at war with France and Spain -called parliament who refused to give him money till he signed the Petition of Right: cant imprison people without good cause, not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, not house soldiers in peoples' homes, not impose martial law in peace time -ignored it after signing Causes of English Civil War -Parliament tried to pass laws to limit Charles's power -tried to arrest members