ESOL Praxis 5362 (2023/2024) Already Graded A

ESOL Praxis 5362 (2023/2024) Already Graded A Morpheme The smallest unit of language aka root word, prefix, suffix they cannot be broken down into smaller units Morphology principles Morphemes may be free ( chair, bag) or they may be bound or derivational and need to be combined with other morphemes to create meaning ( read-able, en-able Nominalizers Change adjectives or verbs into nouns (acy, -ance, -ician, -ism, -ist , -ity, -ment, -ster, -able, -al, -an, -atic) Fricatives A consonant chsracterized by fricitional passage of the expiered breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract Articulatory phonetics The oldest branch which investigates the ways in which sounds are made Experimental phonetics The manipulation of the wabeform and tests to identify which aspects of sound are necessary for understanding. Homophemes Two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings( wood, would, cite, sight) Common Reduced Form words:Deletion omission of one or more sounds: comftable/comfortable Common Reduced Form words: Schwa phonemes of a language are changed, minimized, or eliminated in order to make pronunciation easier: television Inflectional morphemes A bound grammatical morpheme added to complete words according to rules of syntax. They have strict grammatical function (-s, -ed, -ing, -en -'s, -er, -est) Stem Root morphemes with affixes (un)leash Root Cannot be analyzed into smaller parts : system, boy, (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed Passive voice Sentence construction in which the subject does not do the action expressed by the verb; rather the subject is acted upon. Passive voice tends to be less effective for business communication Active voice Subject PERFORMS the action of the verb. Idioms A phrase that means something different than the words imply if interpreted literally. Idioms are more cultural than set in a language. Idioms are one of the most difficult things to learn in the process of learning a new language. Euphemism A word or phrase that replaces a taboo word (words not polite for society) to avoid referencing certain acts or subjects Jargon Set of words used by a particular occupational group (scientists) Coinage The construction and addition of new words to the lexicon Observation ( informal assessment ) used to assess a students use of language . teachers observe and record specific language features of behaviors needs assessment ongoing ; figure out the students motivation to learn english ( intrinsic vs extrinsic ) and base instruction around that TESOL ( Standards for proficiency ) 1. starting, ing, oping, ding,ing Orthography method of writing a language . ( spelling, punctuation, caps, etc Acronym A series of letters to represent words Eponym A word taken from a proper name: john for toilet Grammar In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Perfect tense A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past. (a form of have & past participle) Modal verbs can/could, may/might, must/shall/should and will/would convey a range of attitudes and moods about the likelihood of an event taking place Auxiliary verbs Verbs which are used to support another verb in a sentence and have a grammatical function such as establishing tense, aspect, or person. e.g.: be, do, have Participles Derived from a verb, but used as an adjective (present participle:verb & ing/ past participle: verb & ed) Pidgin A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different