Complete Business Statistics Summary with Testing Guide & R Commands

DATA
Data Frame




case for / ray
✗ ✗




Data Types

Cathegorical

Verbal # clear text # name


coded # coded # id #number


Numerical

Discrete #number # 7-


Continuous #number # IR


Measurement Level


Nominal Data


Ordinal Data #natural order #counting /order


Interval Data 11 # meaningful scale differences #sums/differences


Ratio Data 11 # absolute scale #any math operations
^

, DATA

coding
Replacement of nominal and ordinal cathegori.es by numbers

factor (variable -
)
name




Missing Cases


Deletion # delete case




lmpufion (type average) #use average value of type


Impulsion (average) # use average value


Population & Sample




amPk
all possible data points Pop
→
.




# random
3
Sample #subset

infer sfh about Pop
. .




# different possible
outcomes

statistical Analysis

Model #theory #possible outcome


Observed Data Points # comparison with possible outcome

# reject/ confirm theory


2

, DATA

Population & Sample

Data Summary

Numbers


Proportion




/
Cases Cases
* =
p=
N n




proportion proportion p


Pop .
Size N Sample size h




Mean

n




* I E- I
!É "




Weighted Sample Mean


I
=F for
Pjxj c classes , proportions p outcomes ✗

⇐
,



g.


Median


M= 2- In +1) th ranked observation




3

, DATA

Population & Sample

Data Summary

Numbers


Percentiles


( ntl )
9p% =p tooth ranked observation


① =
925% , ①2=950%1 ①3=975?


Geometric Mean

'


C- =Yxxn


ki trimmed
-

mean



#disregarding highest ,
lowest K! observations



Minimum / Maximum observation


hid -




Range #average of Max .
and min .




4