ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE
Samenvatting
DOCENT: Prof. Dr. Martijn Van Heel
Iris Vantomme
1ste schakeljaar – Semester 1
2022 – 2023
Psychologie & Educatiewetenschappen
,Inhoudsopgave
H1 - INTRODUCTIE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Definitie ........................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Basisthema’s ................................................................................................................................. 10
2 Theoretische kaders ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Psychoanalytische theorie (Freud) ................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Psychosociale theorie (Erikson)..................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Behaviorisme (Watson) ................................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Sociaal-cognitieve leertheorie (Bandura) ...................................................................................... 15
2.5 Cognitieve leertheorie (Piaget) ..................................................................................................... 16
2.6 Humanistisch perspectief (Rogers) ............................................................................................... 17
2.7 Contextueel perspectief (Bronfenbrenner) ................................................................................... 17
2.8 Bio-ecologisch model .................................................................................................................... 18
2.9 Socioculturele theorie (Vygotsky) ................................................................................................. 18
2.10 Evolutionaire psychologie (Lorenz) ............................................................................................... 18
3 Prenatale periode ................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Genetica ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3.2 Gedragsgenetica ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.3 G-O/GxO (interactie versus correlatie) ......................................................................................... 20
3.4 Epigenetica .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.5 Risicofactoren voor ontwikkeling .................................................................................................. 22
H2 - GEBOORTE ............................................................................................................................................ 23
1 Geboorte ................................................................................................................................................. 23
1.1 Geboortezorg ................................................................................................................................ 25
1.2 Culturele verschillen geboorte(zorg)............................................................................................. 26
1.3 Geboortegewicht .......................................................................................................................... 27
1.4 Raciale/culturele verschillen kindersterfte ................................................................................... 28
1.5 Eerste maanden ............................................................................................................................ 29
1.6 Capaciteiten .................................................................................................................................. 30
H3 - PEUTER ................................................................................................................................................. 32
1 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de peutertijd...................................................................................................... 32
1.1 Lichamelijke groei ......................................................................................................................... 32
1.2 Motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 34
1.3 Voeding ......................................................................................................................................... 36
1.4 Sensorische ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................. 37
2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling peuter .............................................................................................................. 39
2.1 Piaget sensori motorische fase ..................................................................................................... 39
2.2 Informatieverwerking ................................................................................................................... 43
2.3 Geheugen ...................................................................................................................................... 44
2.4 Intelligentie ................................................................................................................................... 45
2
, 2.5 Taal ................................................................................................................................................ 46
3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling peuter ..................................................................................... 48
3.1 Emoties ......................................................................................................................................... 48
3.2 Social referencing .......................................................................................................................... 49
3.3 Het ik ............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.4 Theory of mind .............................................................................................................................. 50
3.5 Hechting ........................................................................................................................................ 51
3.6 Persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................................................. 53
3.7 Temperament ............................................................................................................................... 53
3.8 Gender rollen ................................................................................................................................ 53
3.9 Families in de 21e eeuw................................................................................................................. 54
H4 - KLEUTER ................................................................................................................................................ 55
1 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de kleutertijd (2,5-6) ......................................................................................... 55
1.1 Fysieke groei.................................................................................................................................. 55
1.2 Gezondheid ................................................................................................................................... 56
1.3 De hersenen .................................................................................................................................. 57
1.4 Motorische vaardigheden ............................................................................................................. 58
1.5 Zintuigelijkheidstraining ................................................................................................................ 59
2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de kleutertijd (2,5-6) .................................................................................... 60
2.1 Pre-operationele fase (Piaget) ...................................................................................................... 60
2.2 Socio-culturele theorie (Vygotsky) ................................................................................................ 62
2.3 Theoretische perspectieven op de cognitieve ontwikkeling ......................................................... 63
2.4 Taal ................................................................................................................................................ 64
2.5 Leren door media .......................................................................................................................... 65
3 Kleuterschool .......................................................................................................................................... 66
4 Persoonlijke ontwikkeling van de kleuter ............................................................................................... 67
4.1 Zelfbewustzijn ............................................................................................................................... 67
4.2 Genderbewustzijn ......................................................................................................................... 67
4.3 Raciaal en etnisch bewustzijn ....................................................................................................... 69
5 Sociale ontwikkeling van de kleuter ........................................................................................................ 70
5.1 Vriendschappen ............................................................................................................................ 70
5.2 Spel ................................................................................................................................................ 70
5.3 Opvoeding ..................................................................................................................................... 72
5.4 Mishandeling ................................................................................................................................. 75
5.5 Ontwikkeling van moraliteit .......................................................................................................... 79
5.6 Agressie ......................................................................................................................................... 81
H5 - KINDERTIJD ........................................................................................................................................... 83
1 Fysieke ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 83
1.1 Groei.............................................................................................................................................. 83
1.2 Voeding ......................................................................................................................................... 83
1.3 Motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 85
2 Mentaal welzijn ...................................................................................................................................... 86
2.1 Psychische problematiek............................................................................................................... 87
2.2 Kinderen met speciale behoeftes.................................................................................................. 88
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Samenvatting
DOCENT: Prof. Dr. Martijn Van Heel
Iris Vantomme
1ste schakeljaar – Semester 1
2022 – 2023
Psychologie & Educatiewetenschappen
,Inhoudsopgave
H1 - INTRODUCTIE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Definitie ........................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Basisthema’s ................................................................................................................................. 10
2 Theoretische kaders ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Psychoanalytische theorie (Freud) ................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Psychosociale theorie (Erikson)..................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Behaviorisme (Watson) ................................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Sociaal-cognitieve leertheorie (Bandura) ...................................................................................... 15
2.5 Cognitieve leertheorie (Piaget) ..................................................................................................... 16
2.6 Humanistisch perspectief (Rogers) ............................................................................................... 17
2.7 Contextueel perspectief (Bronfenbrenner) ................................................................................... 17
2.8 Bio-ecologisch model .................................................................................................................... 18
2.9 Socioculturele theorie (Vygotsky) ................................................................................................. 18
2.10 Evolutionaire psychologie (Lorenz) ............................................................................................... 18
3 Prenatale periode ................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Genetica ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3.2 Gedragsgenetica ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.3 G-O/GxO (interactie versus correlatie) ......................................................................................... 20
3.4 Epigenetica .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.5 Risicofactoren voor ontwikkeling .................................................................................................. 22
H2 - GEBOORTE ............................................................................................................................................ 23
1 Geboorte ................................................................................................................................................. 23
1.1 Geboortezorg ................................................................................................................................ 25
1.2 Culturele verschillen geboorte(zorg)............................................................................................. 26
1.3 Geboortegewicht .......................................................................................................................... 27
1.4 Raciale/culturele verschillen kindersterfte ................................................................................... 28
1.5 Eerste maanden ............................................................................................................................ 29
1.6 Capaciteiten .................................................................................................................................. 30
H3 - PEUTER ................................................................................................................................................. 32
1 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de peutertijd...................................................................................................... 32
1.1 Lichamelijke groei ......................................................................................................................... 32
1.2 Motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 34
1.3 Voeding ......................................................................................................................................... 36
1.4 Sensorische ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................. 37
2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling peuter .............................................................................................................. 39
2.1 Piaget sensori motorische fase ..................................................................................................... 39
2.2 Informatieverwerking ................................................................................................................... 43
2.3 Geheugen ...................................................................................................................................... 44
2.4 Intelligentie ................................................................................................................................... 45
2
, 2.5 Taal ................................................................................................................................................ 46
3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling peuter ..................................................................................... 48
3.1 Emoties ......................................................................................................................................... 48
3.2 Social referencing .......................................................................................................................... 49
3.3 Het ik ............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.4 Theory of mind .............................................................................................................................. 50
3.5 Hechting ........................................................................................................................................ 51
3.6 Persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................................................. 53
3.7 Temperament ............................................................................................................................... 53
3.8 Gender rollen ................................................................................................................................ 53
3.9 Families in de 21e eeuw................................................................................................................. 54
H4 - KLEUTER ................................................................................................................................................ 55
1 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de kleutertijd (2,5-6) ......................................................................................... 55
1.1 Fysieke groei.................................................................................................................................. 55
1.2 Gezondheid ................................................................................................................................... 56
1.3 De hersenen .................................................................................................................................. 57
1.4 Motorische vaardigheden ............................................................................................................. 58
1.5 Zintuigelijkheidstraining ................................................................................................................ 59
2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de kleutertijd (2,5-6) .................................................................................... 60
2.1 Pre-operationele fase (Piaget) ...................................................................................................... 60
2.2 Socio-culturele theorie (Vygotsky) ................................................................................................ 62
2.3 Theoretische perspectieven op de cognitieve ontwikkeling ......................................................... 63
2.4 Taal ................................................................................................................................................ 64
2.5 Leren door media .......................................................................................................................... 65
3 Kleuterschool .......................................................................................................................................... 66
4 Persoonlijke ontwikkeling van de kleuter ............................................................................................... 67
4.1 Zelfbewustzijn ............................................................................................................................... 67
4.2 Genderbewustzijn ......................................................................................................................... 67
4.3 Raciaal en etnisch bewustzijn ....................................................................................................... 69
5 Sociale ontwikkeling van de kleuter ........................................................................................................ 70
5.1 Vriendschappen ............................................................................................................................ 70
5.2 Spel ................................................................................................................................................ 70
5.3 Opvoeding ..................................................................................................................................... 72
5.4 Mishandeling ................................................................................................................................. 75
5.5 Ontwikkeling van moraliteit .......................................................................................................... 79
5.6 Agressie ......................................................................................................................................... 81
H5 - KINDERTIJD ........................................................................................................................................... 83
1 Fysieke ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 83
1.1 Groei.............................................................................................................................................. 83
1.2 Voeding ......................................................................................................................................... 83
1.3 Motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 85
2 Mentaal welzijn ...................................................................................................................................... 86
2.1 Psychische problematiek............................................................................................................... 87
2.2 Kinderen met speciale behoeftes.................................................................................................. 88
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