Summary NURSING NR222 Final Exam Outline

NURSING NR222 Final Exam Outline Patient-centered care Professionalism Chapter 1 Nursing as a Profession  Requires critical thinking  Administer patient-centered quality care  Be responsible and accountable Health care advocacy groups  Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action  Institute of Medicine (IOM) publication on The Future of Nursing Science and Art of Nursing Practice Nursing requires:  Current knowledge and practice standards  Insightful and compassionate approach  Critical thinking Benner’s stages of nursing proficiency:  Novice  Advanced beginner  Competent  Proficient  Expert Scope and Standards of Practice Nursing definitions  American Nurses Association (ANA)  International Council of Nurses (ICN) Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice  1960: Documentation began  Standards of Professional Nursing Practice  Standards of Professional Performance  Code of Ethics Professional Responsibilities and Roles Autonomy and accountability Caregiver Advocate Educator Communicator Manager Career Development Provider of care Advanced Practice Registered Nurses  Clinical Nurse Specialist  Nurse Practitioner  Certified Nurse-Midwife  Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist  Nurse Educator  Nurse Administrator  Nurse Researcher • Correlation between direct care provided by an RN and:  Positive patient outcomes  Reduced complication rates  More rapid return of the patient to optimal functional status • With fewer available nurses, it is important for you to learn to use your patient contact time efficiently and professionally. Historical Influences • Nurses:  Respond to needs of patients  Actively participate in determining best practices • Knowledge of the history of the nursing profession increases your ability to understand the social and intellectual origins of the discipline. Florence Nightingale • Established first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration • Organized first school of nursing • First practicing epidemiologist • Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals • Practices remain a basic part of nursing today Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century • Clara Barton • Dorthea Lynde Dix and Mother Bickerdyke • Harriet Tubman • Mary Mahoney • Isabel Hampton Robb • Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster Twentieth Century • Movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge • Nurses assumed expanded and advanced practice roles  1906: Mary Adelaide Nutting, first nursing professor at Columbia Teacher’s College  Army and Navy Nurse Corps established  1920s: Nursing specialization began  1990: ANA established Center for Ethics and Human Rights Twenty-First Century • Changes in curriculum to meet changing societal needs • Advances in technology and informatics requires nurses to have a strong and current knowledge base • Last Acts Campaign • End-of-life care and practices added to nursing curricula Contemporary Influences • Importance of nurses’ self-care • Health care reform and costs • Demographic changes • Medically underserved Trends in Nursing • Evidence-based practice • Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) • Impact of emerging technologies • Genomics • Public perception of nursing • Impact of nursing on politics and health policy Professional Registered Nurse Education • Prelicensure  2-year associate’s degree  4-year baccalaureate degree • Graduate education  Master’s degree, advanced practice RN  Doctoral degrees • Continuing and in-service education Nursing Practice • Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs)  Overseen by State Boards of Nursing  Regulate scope of nursing practice  Protect public health, safety, and welfare • Licensure and certification  Licensure: NCLEX-RN® examination  Certification: requirements vary Professional Nursing Organizations • Address member concerns • Present educational programs • Publish journals • Student organizations  National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)  Canadian Student Nurses Association (CSNA) Chapter 2 The Health Care Delivery System Challenges to Health Care • US health care system is complex and constantly changing  Uninsured • Nurses should be prepared and work toward:  Improving access  Maintaining quality and safety  Lessening health care costs Traditional Level of Health Care • Preventative • Primary- is true prevention. Its goal is to reduce the incidence of disease. • Secondary- focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it occurs. • Tertiary- occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. • Restorative • Continuing health care Primary and Preventative Health Care • Preventive Care  Improved health outcomes for an entire population  Reduces and controls risk factors for disease • Primary care  Focuses on improved health outcomes  Requires collaboration • Health promotion programs lower overall costs  Reduces incidence of disease  Minimizes complications  Reduces the need for more expensive resources Secondary and Tertiary Care (1 of 3) • Focus: Diagnosis and treatment of illness • Used when the nature or severity of a condition makes primary care insufficient. • Secondary: Provided by a specialist upon referral from PCP • Tertiary: Specialized consultative care, usually provided on referral from secondary medical personnel Secondary and Tertiary Care (2 of 3) • Hospitals  Provide comprehensive secondary and tertiary care to acutely ill. • Intensive care  Advanced technology • Mental health facilities • Rural hospitals  Critical Access Hospitals Secondary and Tertiary Care (3 of 3) • Discharge planning  Develops plan for continuing care  Determines post-hospital destination  Identifies patient needs  Begins process while still hospitalized Restorative Services • Serves patients recovering from an acute or chronic illness/disability • Helps individuals regain maximal function and enhance quality of life • Home care