Biology 111 Exam 1- TAMU Latest Update Graded A

Biology 111 Exam 1- TAMU Latest Update Graded A Domain Archaea Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms; have cell walls; reproduce using binary fission (duplication); RNA sequence is most similar to Eukarya; live in extreme environments and therefore do not infect humans; oldest life forms; include methanogens, extreme thermophiles, and extreme halophiles. Domain Bacteria Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms; have cell walls; reproduce using binary fission; differ from archaea in environment and materials in cell wall; includes cyanobacteria. Biology The scientific study of life and its processes. Biosphere "Largest ecosystem"; the Earth from atmosphere to core. Cell An organism's basic unit of structure and function; enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between its insides and its surroundings; uses DNA as genetic information. Community A set of populations in a given area. Consumer A heterotroph; an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them. Controlled Experiment An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. Deductive Reasoning If...then logic; specific results are predicted from a general premise; general to specific reasoning. DNA A nucleic acid molecule; central database of genetic information; determines genes; translated to RNA which makes proteins. Domain Eukarya All organisms made up of eukaryotic cells; includes the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and protists. Emergent Properties Properties that become apparent as complexity is elevated. Eukaryotic Cell Has a "true nucleus," and organelles with membranes; is much larger than the other type of cell. Gene A unit of inheritance; determines physical traits. Genome The entire genetic library of an organism. Hypothesis A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning; narrower in scope than a theory. Inductive Reasoning A type of logic in which generalizations are based off a number of specific observations; specific to general. Kingdom Animalia A Kingdom of Domain Eukarya; multicellular, includes heterotrophic organisms with no cell wall. Kingdom Fungi A Kingdom of Domain Eukarya; members have cell walls made of chitin, decompose organic material to obtain nutrients, and digest food outside themselves using enzymes. Kingdom Plantae A Kingdom of Domain Eukarya; members are photosynthetic, have cell walls made of cellulose, and are multicellular. Negative Feedback Regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. Organ/Organ System Functions as organelles do in cells, serving various purposes in an organism's body. Organelles Small, usually membranous; located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Organisms Individual living things. Population All individuals of a species within a given area. Positive Feedback Regulation in which the end product speeds up its own production. Producer An autotroph; an organism that obtains organic food molecules using energy from the sun or oxidation of inorganic substances Prokaryotic Cell A type of cell lacking organelles and a "true nucleus;" found in unicellular organisms. Reductionism An approach of reducing complex systems into simpler compounds that are more manageable to study; has limitations due to emergent properties. Systems Biology An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. Methanogens Members of Domain Archaea; generate methane; found in deep sea; contribute to natural gas. Extreme Thermophiles Members of Domain Archaea; enjoy extreme temperatures; found near geysers, underwater thermal vents, and ice; use sunlight or inorganic materials as an energy source. Extreme Halophiles Members of Domain Archaea; enjoy salty environments; photosynthetic and colorful. Cyanobacteria Members of Domain Bacteria; photosynthetic; produce oxygen and contain chlorophyll. Eubacteria Members of Domain Bacteria; "true" bacteria; all bacteria except for Archaebacteria. Atom The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Atomic Mass An approximation of the total mass of an atom; measured in daltons. Atomic Nucleus A dense core at the center of an atom containing protons and neutrons. Atomic Number The number of protons in an element; written as a subscript. Cation A positively charged ion. Chemical Bond An attraction that holds atoms together. Compound A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Covalent Bond The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. Dalton Also known as "Atomic Mass Unit"; used to measure the mass of subatomic particles. Electron A negatively charged subatomic particle. Electron Shells Levels of differing energy in the electron cloud. Electronegativity The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond; the thirstiness of an atom. Element A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Energy The capacity to cause change. Energy Level Another name for an electron shell. Hydrogen Bond The non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom; weak chemical bond. Ion A charged atom. Ionic Bond Chemical bond that occurs as a result of the transfer of an electron between two elements; usually present between a metal and a nonmetal. Ionic Compounds Compounds formed by Ionic Bonds; also known as salts. Isotope Different atomic forms of the same element; has more or less neutrons than usual. Mass Number The sum of neutrons and protons in an atom; written as a superscript. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space. Molecular Formula A formula giving the number of atoms of each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound. Molecule Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Neutron A neutral subatomic particle. Nonpolar Covalent Bond A covalent bond between two elements of the same electronegativity. Orbital The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. Periodic Table of the Elements A tabular display of the chemical elements. Polar Covalent Bond A type of covalent bond that occurs when one atom is more electronegative than the other. Potential Energy The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. Proton Positively charged subatomic particle. Radioactive Isotope An isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Structural Formula A formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound. Trace Elements Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities. Valence Number of open electron spots on an atom's valence shell. Valence Electrons Electrons on an atom's valence shell. Valence Shell The outermost electron shell of an atom. Van Der Waals Interactions A weak attractive force between atoms or nonpolar molecules caused by a temporary change in dipole moment arising from a brief shift of orbital electrons to one side of one atom or molecule, creating a similar shift in adjacent atoms or molecules. Polar Molecule A molecule consisting of polar covalent bonds; overall charge is unevenly distributed. Cohesion The tendency of water to be attracted to itself; occurs due to multiple hydrogen bonds. Adhesion The clinging of one substance to another. Surface Tension The measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch a liquid. Kinetic Energy The energy of motion. Heat A form of energy (thermal); dependent upon volume. Temperature A measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of a given group of molecules. Calorie The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Kilocalorie 1,000 calories; the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Specific Heat The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Heat of Vaporization The quantity of heat that a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. Evaporative Cooling As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. This is known as _________ _________. Solution A liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solvent The dissolving agent of a solution. Solute The substance in a solution being dissolved. Hydration Shell The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in a solution. Hydrophyllic Describes any substance that has an affinity for water. Hydrophobic Describes any substance that is repelled by water. Hydrogen Ion A single proton with a charge of 1+. Hydroxide Ion A water molecule that has lost a proton; has a charge of 1-. Acid Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Base Substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. pH The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. Buffer A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution. Acid Precipitation Precipitation with a lower pH than 5.2. Organic Chemistry Branch of Chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds. Hydrocarbons Organic molecules consisting of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms. Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures/properties. Structural Isomers Isomers that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. Geometric Isomers Also known as cis-trans isomers; have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds. Enantiomers Isomers that are mirror images of each other. Functional Groups Groups of compounds that are important in biological chemical reactions. Hydroxyl Group In a ____ ______, a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule; Alcohols; polar. (--OH) Carbonyl Group A _____ ______ consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond; Ketones and Aldehydes (which can be structural isomers); found in sugars; polar. (CO) Carboxyl Group When an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an --OH group, the entire assembly is called a ______ ___; Carboxylic Acids or organic acids; acidic; polar. (--COOH) Amino Group The _______ ________ consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton; Amines; basic; polar. (--NH2) Sulfhydryl Group A ______ ______ consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen; it resembles of hydroxyl group in shape; Thiols; polar. (--SH) Phosphate Group In the ___ _____, a phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to a carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges; Organic phosphates; polar. (--OPO3^2-) Methyl Group A ____ _____ consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The carbon may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom; Methylated compounds; nonpolar. (--CH3)