Anthropology Exam 1 TAMU Lynch (2023/2024) Rated A

Anthropology Exam 1 TAMU Lynch (2023/2024) Rated A Anthropology The comparative and holistic study of human biology and culture Human paleontology Biological anthropology. Study of human and primate fossil records. Human origins Osteology Study of human skeleton Archaeology Study of human cultural remains, reconstruct past human societies. Artifacts found with human burials. Porotic Hypertosis medical disorder caused by malnutiriton and iron deficiency anemia resulting in the bones of the cranial vault appearing to be spongy and the bony tissue porous Harris Lines lines on end of arm and leg bones; signs of developmental nutritional stress Anthroprometric human weights and measurements Chinampas Large "floating" gardens of Aztecs. topsoil w/ land for farming provided food 150,000 for people. Maize squash pumpkin and beans Inventions a widely embraced custom/value/tech, basis of all culture changes, and includes novel rearrangement of preexisting knowledge/tech Discovery New tech/knowledge aware of existing phenomena Diffusion Spread of culture traits over time and geographic space. ex: americanized foods Animism belief that all environmental aspects are alive/have souls Horticulture Small backyard garden farming w/ simple hand held tools, often used slash and burn. just for consumption, method used by huron. Pastoralism Refers to nomadic, usually primarily consuming livestock products- milk and blood. Baseri people are an example Pochteca STATE level society in Aztec culture. - Noble level status in Aztec social classes that is either hereditary or by achievement, merchants, military spies/ambassadors Conformity Can result in maladaptive behaviors. natural selection has embedded in us the need to conform, to detect and prefer the central tendency. EEA Vasoconstriction/ Dilation Developmental adaptation in Eskimos that allows for fluctuation of body temperature in hands to maintain heat Emic approach Insider's perspective, way one views own behavior Outsiders perspective ex: elephantiasis in India- believed to be a form of divine punishment resulting in shunning from society Etic Approach Maladaptive traits Any behavior which retards organism's ability to meet physiological needs/reproduction.No functions /explanations can explain these traits. Cultural transmission thru learning Vertical - parent to kid, core values often taught Horizontal - between peers, changes more than vertical Oblique - one to many, media Cultural transmission thru sharing everyone participates, culture is egalitarian. traits transmitted from one person to the next Forms of cultural transmission Either the learning or sharing of dynamic traits in an interrelated system. Not random occurrences but are adjusted to based of exp. Genetic Adaptation Takes a long time for people to change. ex: malaria prominent areas have developed sickle cell anemia over time Culture The arts and manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively Culture attributes Learned, shared, dynamic, interrelated system is primary means of adaptation. exps result in appropriate behavior. Comparative approach Analyzing data about cultures to learn and explain patterns of similarity and difference Holistic approach Eclectic approach, all perspectives must be examined to explain human phenomena. Ex: Beri Beri in Thailand ethnocentrism belief that one's own culture is superior. ex cultural extinction in the amazon xenophobia fear of foreign things, ex atrocities Subisistence forms Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, transhumance Social Complexity levels Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State Hunter-gathering band level, small kin groups, no longer in existence, 90% of our existence spent at subsistence level, egalitarian, believed in animism Proximate: resources, idealistic differences, political right to self government. tribal level; huron revenge and status Ultimate: xenophobia- fear of things foreign Causes of warfare Ex. actions in a Bushmen Story Hunter gatherers from Kalahari, good conversationalist and witts. self entertaining, women time occupied by children, gender division of labor. men hunted women have vast plant knowledge over 100 known Ex. native Tasmanians Tasmanian devils victims of ethnocentric british settlers genocides Ex. elderly eskimo Cultural relativism example effort to understand native perspective. walking into night to die in order to not burden the rest Hysterectomies in So. Cal. Example of how one sphere influences another. Fisher's study of increased hysterectomies in Spanish women. White and hispanic women received different treatments in which hispanic women received more unnecessary surgeries due to poor advising. Must be advised in native language Ex. Clean revolution Oblique cultural transmission through the media. Used negative advertisement to push hygienic products Ex. Dr. Fritz Origin Spirit of German dr. medium is Mauricio magalhaes. operations administered by spirits Ex Ayahuasca Cultural adaptation of South Americans; ayahuasca contains chemical, harmine, is a psychedelic viewed to purify body causes internal flushing Ex Dr. Fritz results -Avg 70% succ. rate -2/34 felt pain -didn't help asymptomatic conditions (life-long). some post op infections -extensive ritual prep -is culmination of healing process, -symbolic healing- shamanism to modern population- mind over body Skeletal markers of disease and malnutrition Porotic Hyperostosis- Iron deficiency causing anemia Harris Lines- nutritional stress lines on end of arm and leg bones Diffusion of the horse Culture tait adopted because of relative advantage and compatibility. Spaniards to North American Natives; caused many tech advances changing the culture of Native Americans greatly Victorian Corsets Victorian women wore corsets although organ displacement often occurred example of conformity to Maladaptive behaviors Malaria causing a genetic adaptation of sickle cell anemia over time. Beri Beri in Thailand Determined through holistic approach, thiamine deficiency caused through insufficient thiamine amounts in rice. Japanese TV commercial represented different cultural values of bodily functions; "shut and unchi," dancing logs in Japanese commercial Hopi Mesas Built on top of mesas like acropolises in Greece. also used for religious purposes Hypoxia in Peru Spanish could not survive in Andes mountains when conquesting. Peruvians developed resistance to hypoxia in which stillborn pregnancies in Spanish women Developmental adaptation Physiological changes that occur in one's lifetime ex. vasoconstriction/ Dilation in Eskimos Cultural adaptation Satisfying basic needs/wants, thru genetic developmental or cultural changes Known as San, gathering peoples of Botswana Large game hunters Hxaro exchange modernization changed traditional culture Gangwasi are ancestral ghosts Alcohol use and AIDS high -life power; nlum is an energy that cures but also binds people together in the spirit of reciprocity The Ju Hoansi - San Pastoral nomads of S. Iran Raise sheep and goat, and do not farm. Anticipatory inheritance Chiefs use headmen to relay orders Patrilineal kinship society Shiah muslims; although not too interested in religion The Basseri Live in Great Lakes, 4 groups of people Involved heavily in fur trade with 17th century Europeans defeated Iroquois Indians New technology hindered, became dependant on Euros Indigenous healers believed to hold true power not chief Boys fasted to reveal visions of the Grandfathers (teachings of human conduct towards one another) for guidance The Ojibwa