AMERICAN HISTORY 2 ALL UNITS

After the U.S. Civil War, Abraham Lincoln proposed which of the following to reintegrate the southern states back into the Union? - correct answer The Ten Percent Plan After the U.S. Civil War, northern and southern moderates both viewed which of the following as a chief goal? - correct answer establishing peace and order Andrew Johnson's impeachment occurred as the result of which of the following? - correct answer He showed leniency towards the former Confederate states after the Civil War. In which aspect was the Freedmen's Bureau the least successful in assisting former slaves? - correct answer assisting them in obtaining land In which aspect was the Freedmen's Bureau the most successful in assisting former slaves? - correct answer helping them get an education On which point did moderates in both northern and southern states agree during the Reconstruction Era? - correct answer Peace and order should be established The Black Codes were designed to do which of the following? - correct answer to preserve the pre-war status of African-Americans The Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution did which of the following? - correct answer allowed suffrage to American males of all races The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution did which of the following? - correct answer declared all people born on U.S. soil to be citizens The Reconstruction Act of 1867 was the result of which of the following? - correct answer the southern states' failure to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment The Reconstruction effort involved the foundation of which agency? - correct answer the Freedmen's Bureau The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution did which of the following? - correct answer ended slavery throughout the entire United States What is generally considered to be the greatest failure of the Freedmen's Bureau? - correct answer helping former slaves obtain land What is generally considered to be the greatest success of the Freedmen's Bureau? - correct answer insuring education for former slaves What name was given to African-Americans who moved west after the U.S. Civil War to claim land under the Homestead Acts? - correct answer exodusters What name was given to northerners who moved south during Reconstruction, usually to invest in land? - correct answer carpetbaggers What name was given to Southerners who supported the Northern Reconstruction efforts in the South? - correct answer scalawags Which action by Andrew Johnson ultimately led to his impeachment? - correct answer showing leniency towards the former Confederate states after the Civil War Which agency was founded as a result of the Reconstruction effort? - correct answer the Freedmen's Bureau Which of the following did Abraham Lincoln propose as a means of reintegrating the former Confederate states back into the Union after the U.S. Civil War? - correct answer the Ten Percent Plan Which of the following led to the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867? - correct answer the southern states' failure to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment Which statement best describes the underlying reason for Andrew Johnson's impeachment? - correct answer He showed leniency towards the former Confederate states after the Civil War. Which was a chief goal for both northern and southern moderates during the Reconstruction Era? - correct answer establishing peace and order Why were the Black Codes created in the Southern states during Reconstruction? - correct answer to preserve the pre-war status of African Americans The influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States, between 1820 and 1849, was gradual and produced only 650 immigrants total by 1849. However, within two years, nearly 25,000 more immigrants had arrived by 1852 and by 1880 that total jumped to nearly: - correct answer 300,000 From 1840 to 1870, the United States continued to encourage citizens to expand westward following various trails. At the peak of the westward migration, between , over _______ people had traveled along the Oregon Trail alone. - correct answer 400,000 As pioneer settlers began to work the land they received following the Homestead Act, they ran into several obstacles, including: - correct answer Weather conditions, land cultivation difficulties, and lack of necessary materials. (all of the above) The Newlands Reclamation Act led to: - correct answer The constructions of dams for irrigation systems While acquiring land was fairly easy, thanks to the Homestead Act, maintaining and developing a successful farm still carried a heavy cost and many farmers suffered large debts due to the: - correct answer The lack of regularly accessible goods, The high cost of transporting farm equipment and livestock on Railroads, Declines in the market value of produce in the West, High interest rates from Banks (all of the above) Violence in the West was precisely depicted in the dime store novels of that time and these sources verified that violence occurred wherever there was a struggle for resources. - correct answer False One example of violence in the new West was the infamous Fence Cutting War, where "cowboys began destroying fences that several ranchers erected along public lands: land they had every right to enclose." - correct answer False The Comstock Lode, named after Henry T. Comstock during the Gold Rush, produced more than $300 million in shafts, which extended hundreds of feet into the mountain. - correct answer True Between 1860 and 1875, as many as forty thousand cowboys roamed the Great Plains, hoping to work for local ranchers. - correct answer False By the mid-nineteenth century, farmers found new opportunities to pursue "Manifest Destiny" in the "Old West" where new American pioneers traveled. - correct answer False During the Gold Rush in the nineteenth century, there was a group known as "The Original Forty-Niners" who purchased gold from individual prospectors who panned for it using sluice boxes. - correct answer False The invention of barbed wire in the nineteenth century greatly improved the settler's ability to section off their property, protect the land, and contain their livestock on farms and ranches out West. - correct answer True As pioneer settlers continued to expand westward, they invariably came in contact with Native Tribes. This led to a rise in fear-based stereotypes in American culture that defined Natives as "savage" and as the local militias became increasingly involved, the tribes were devastated due to a lack of arms and group unity as armed forces helped settlers claim the land. - correct answer True Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce Tribe, hoped to lead his tribe to Mexico in order to avoid war with the United States in 1877, but was unsuccessful. - correct answer False In the late nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants competed with Americans in the West for jobs. This issue, in particular, led to an increase in anti-Chinese sentiments that eventually pushed the government to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. - correct answer True In 1845, a magazine editor named John O'Sullivan declared that "Manifest Destiny" was the American citizen's right to forge westward, in the name of Providence, in order to exercise their freedom to prosper. - correct answer True To encourage westward expansion, The Homestead Act passed in 1862 gave any head of household, over the age of twenty-one, 160 acres of land. This land was given to them under the condition that in exchange for a basic filing fee, each person would agree to work towards "improve[ing] the land." - correct answer True Unlike small scale farms in the "New West," Bonanza farms were large scale farms that hired on extra labor and were able to generate additional profits in growing communities. - correct answer True The nineteenth century pioneer movements to the West led to the development of different forms of new popular culture in America, that included the book "Little House on the Prairie," and these westward themes would continue to influence American culture on into the twentieth century. - correct answer True The Chicago World's Fair was very important during the Industrial Age, since it promoted: - correct answer Architecture, Inventions, and Design (all of the above) The mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed a rise of cities, industry, and immigration, making America more urban and less rural. From 1880 to 1920, the number of workers located in industrial centers grew from 2.5 million to over: - correct answer 10 million Railroad lines, by the end of the nineteenth century, were established throughout the United States. By the end of the Civil War, Americans had witnessed a significant increase in the number of rail lines, from 35,000 miles of lines to over ______. - correct answer 200,000 To crush his competition, Rockefeller established a monopoly over the refining industry. By merging with other companies and acquiring others, using the method known as _____________, he managed to gain control of at least 90 percent of the refining industry within 7 years. - correct answer Horizontal Integration Factory owners justified paying women lower wages, because they believed that women "should be under the care of a man and did not require a living wage." - correct answer True Factory workers who lacked the assets and legal protection they needed to organize, became deeply complacent. This eventually led to a decrease in violence throughout the working communities. - correct answer False Like the labor movements of the factory workers, "by the early 1880s, even farmers began to fully recognize the strength of unity behind a common cause." - correct answer True By the late nineteenth century, "Sears, Roebuck & Company supplied much of America's hinterland with products ranging from farm supplies to bicycles, toilet paper to automobiles." - correct answer True Once the Civil War came to an end, American life underwent several dramatic transformations. One of these major changes was the way factories structured the work day according to the "principles of scientific management." - correct answer True The new processes in factory management caused the number of women who joined the industrial workforce to double between 1870 and 1900. - correct answer False (It tripled not doubled) The Industrial Age also led to an increase in child labor. The number of children who worked in factories tripled during the last three decades of the nineteenth century and were often paid very low wages. - correct answer True Thanks to the creation of Chain Stores and Mail-Order Catalogs, nineteenth century rural American's could purchase a larger variety of goods than they would find at the local General Store. - correct answer True As people in the late nineteenth century relied less on homemade goods and increasingly purchased manufactured goods from a variety of stores, businesses began to compete more using advertisements in order to draw in customers. - correct answer True Using credit lines offered by a variety of stores, working class Americans could now strive to live a middle-class lifestyle. However, growing debt combined with tight personal finances led many to work fewer hours in order to improve their standard of living. - correct answer False (They worked longer hours, not fewer.) The Electrical Building, built in 1892, was America's first introduction to alternating current and gas lights. - correct answer False (It introduced Americans to alternating current and neon lights.) The US Patent Office, in the 1790's, documented only 276 patents. However, by 1860, over 60,000 patents had been issued, this reveals that the Industrial Age led to an increase in innovation, even though many of the inventions that were patented failed. - correct answer True Communication, by 1858, had dramatically improved in speed with the establishment of transatlantic cable lines that allowed telegraphed messages to be exchanged between Europe and the United States within a few hours rather than a few weeks, which was typical with steamships. - correct answer True The telephone was first patented in 1876 by Thomas Edison, but Alexander Graham Bell created a more modernized version of the telephone that is similar to the models used today. - correct answer False (Alexander Graham Bell held the patent, but Edison created the improved model of the telephone.) In an attempt to find relief from the chaos of urban life, new forms of entertainment became available to the working class in the form of: - correct answer Amusement parks and Vaudevilles, Baseball, and Nickelodeons (all of the above) The promise of a better future, often romanticized, was tempered by the reality of urban life and the struggle to tackle a variety of challenges that include: - correct answer Language, Low Wages, Poor Sanitation While steel was readily available during the nineteenth century, it took the invention of ______ before buildings could be built higher. Thus introducing Americans to the "sky-scrapper craze." - correct answer Elevators During the period of the Great Migration, "African Americans earned higher wages in the North than they did for the same occupations in the South, and typically found housing to be more available." - correct answer True Close to half of all Americans today have ancestors who immigrated, at one time, to the country and came in through Ellis Island. - correct answer True In the 19th century, when immigrants arrived in Ellis Island, they were often checked on arrival for infectious disease. Overall, nearly 2 percent would have been denied entry into the country based on infection or, in some cases, a criminal record. - correct answer True American citizens who lived in the cities often protected immigrants from the "ills of the cities." - correct answer False In the nineteenth century, "novelists and journalists also popularized realism in literary works." One example of this kind of realism comes from the "school of thought" known as Naturalism. - correct answer True Many African Americans chose to move northwards because of "greater educational opportunities and more expansive personal freedoms," since both the states and the schools allocated more funds for the education of both black and white students. - correct answer True Edward Moran's painting "Unveiling the Statue of Liberty (1886)," celebrates the symbolism of the Statue of Liberty and what it represented to millions of immigrants coming to America in the nineteenth century. - correct answer True "Machine Politics" attempted to provide relief to working class Americans and immigrants. - correct answer True Charles Darwin wrote On the Origins of Species (1859) and it argued that evolution occurred "through natural selection, not through divine intervention." This argument drew many critics from the religious communities, while most of scientific community continued to agree with Darwin's theory. This theory remained controversial in public discussion for a long time after its initial publication. - correct answer True Herbert Spenser took Darwin's theory and used it to support his concept of "Social Darwinism," which suggested that people evolved like other natural organisms through their ability to adapt. That a person's ability to succeed or fail was based on their own merits, as long as the opportunity to do so was available. However, this theory became less popular by the 1930s and 1940s when Eugenicists began to align the theory of "Social Darwinism" with "racial theories of genetic superiority." - correct answer True John Dewey, another nineteenth-century theorist, supported the concept of "instrumentalism." This theory advocated that educational reform would improve American society by making American citizens less informed. - correct answer False Nineteenth century America also produced several novelists and journalists, who created works like "Huckleberry Finn" and "The Gilded Age." Each of these works sought to portray the realities of society and life in the nineteenth century. - correct answer True New inventions and the introduction of electricity forever altered the way factories were managed. These changes caused workers to work 12-hour shifts that allowed factories to run day and night, all week long. - correct answer True According to Figure 2 in Chapter 19, rural demographics continued to decrease as population numbers grew in urban areas from 1860 to 1920. - correct answer False Poor housing and sanitation conditions in growing urban areas led to an increase in disease outbreaks, such as Cholera and Yellow Fever. - correct answer True Following the end of the Civil War, nearly 2 million African American's fled the South in what is known as the "Great Migration." Four cities in particular drew two thirds of this migrant population, as African American's sought a better life and new economic opportunities. - correct answer False While many African American's lacked the necessary funds to move northwards, the growing need for cheap labor led factory owners and other businesses to assist these migrants in their relocation to the North. - correct answer True Much like the European immigrants, African American migrants often found themselves living in poor, over-crowded living conditions. However, many of the immigrants feared that the African American migrants would compete for the same jobs they wanted and would work for lower wages, making it harder for the immigrants to find work. - correct answer True What is the era towards the end of the nineteenth century, characterized by great transformation, commonly called today? - correct answer The Gilded Age What led some businesses in the early twentieth century to accept unions rather than resist them? - correct answer They hoped that accepting unions would be an effective way to prevent strikes and other labor problems. Farmers and laborers who were displeased with the actions of the Republicans and Democrats in the 1890s formed which party as a response? - correct answer the Populist Party Which of the following was most responsible for the economic difficulties in the 1890s? - correct answer the perceived instability of the U.S. currency In the late nineteenth century, how did business owners typically respond to periods of economic stagnation? - correct answer by increasing workers' hours and responsibilities while cutting wages How did American workers most often protest unfair labor conditions before the onset of labor unions? - correct answer by performing poor work The Depression of 1893 was caused by the railroad investment bubble that was created by investors and banks who continued to put money into railroads that cost more money to build and maintain than they produced in profits. - correct answer True During the Depression that followed 1893, the rest of the American population learned the lesson that American farmers had already been faced with. That a weak government built on a Spoils System and Patronage was unable to help American citizens with the ensuing economic crisis. This led to several public protests and growing support for the Populist Party. - correct answer True The last presidential election of the nineteenth century resulted in the largest citizen turn out for an election, at that point in American History, since most American's wanted a strong leader with solid economic policies to save the nation from its financial crisis. - correct answer True Following the Presidential elections, the discovery of large silver deposits in Alaska during the 1890s helped stabilize the US economy and made it possible for America to prosper with a silver standard currency. - correct answer False (It was gold not silver) The Populist Party fell into decline following the elections of 1896 and the spirit of reform that drove the movement disappeared as well. - correct answer False Corruption in the Gilded Age revealed that congressmen would often accept stock bribes or cash in exchange for some kind of benefit. Both parties claimed that they would "champion reform," but did not and this caused many Americans to feel disillusioned with the way government ran. - correct answer True The Spoils System was the primary focus of every Presidential administration in the nineteenth century, since each President owed favors to those who helped fund their campaign. According to the Table listed in Chapter 20.2, a series of weak Presidents were elected not through popular vote but through patronage. - correct answer True American farmers faced a serious number of problems in the nineteenth century, including low taxes on items they purchased, growing personal debts, rapidly declining farm prices, and foreign competition. - correct answer False (The items they needed to purchase were subjected to higher taxes not lower taxes) The greatest problem that farmers faced in nineteenth century America was the rapid decline in the prices of their products. The more they produced, the lower the prices were. This drove many farmers deeper into debt, since they could not earn more money, even when they produced more goods. - correct answer True The Nineteenth Amendment did which of the following? - correct answer granted women the right to vote What was the goal of the Niagara Movement founded in 1906 by W.E.B. DuBois? - correct answer to end segregation of the races The Raker Act was one of the first laws passed during the Progressive Era concerning which of the following? - correct answer the environment Grass root Progressive movements dominated the early twentieth century. These movements included: - correct answer the women's right to vote, the banning of alcohol, making the voting process more democratic (all of the above) Frederick Winslow Taylor's management system was designed to make industry more efficient by doing which of the following? - correct answer increasing the productivity of the workers Which of the following had the greatest effect on changing the role of middle-class women in U.S. society during the Second Industrial Revolution? - correct answer Women were actively involved in reform movements to help laborers. Which of the following is an example of a positive U.S. government response to unions in their earliest stages? - correct answer the formation of the U.S. Department of Labor Urbanization in American cities in the early twentieth century was a direct cause of which of the following? - correct answer Clean water became scarce and inaccessible. Reformers of the "city beautiful" movement who pushed for environmental remedies for urban problems advocated which of the following? - correct answer designating more land for city parks In the Progressive Era, Women's Suffrage was a major issue being discussed across America. As women joined the work force in larger numbers and began to increasing pursue educational opportunities, the need to have a voice in society grew and so did the desire to vote. - correct answer True As the Progressive Era pushed forward, public awareness regarding Child Labor gained more ground and resulted in the passing of the Keating-Owen Act, which directly forbade the inter-state trade of goods produced by child labor. This was the first legislative response, in the US, to the problem of Child Labor and would inspire further efforts in the government to pass more legislation on this issue in the future. - correct answer True U.S. census records in 1900 revealed that one out of every six children, between the ages of five and ten, participated in the work force. The number of children who worked had tripled since the previous decade. - correct answer False The Niagara movement, though in decline by 1908, helped lay the foundation for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) established in 1909. Du Bois remained influential during the establishment of the NAACP and even served as the Director of Publications. - correct answer True Muckrakers helped advocate for change during the Progressive Era and often revealed the underlying issues that plagued society in America. - correct answer True Several reforms that Progressives supported were designed to get around the influence of special interest groups in state governments. The goal was to restore the democratic process by using five different election innovations. - correct answer False It took two decades for "suffragist groups [to push] for legislation to give women the right to vote in every state." - correct answer False