ATI RN Adult Medical Surgical Online Study Guide 2023 A+ Guarantee

Blood pressure: -Low as a baby but increases the older they get -Infants: -Systolic: 65-78 -Diastolic: 41-52 2. Head -Fontanels should be flat -Posterior fontanel: -Closes by 6-8 weeks -Anterior fontanel -Closes by 12-18 months 3. Teeth -Infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 year old -Children and adolescents should have teeth that are white and smooth, and begin replacing the 20 deciduous teeth with 32 permanent teeth 4. Infant Reflexes Stepping Birth to 4 weeks Palmar Grasp Birth to 3 months Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer Position) Birth to 3 – 4 months Sucking and Rooting Reflex Birth to 4 months Moro Reflex (Fall backward) Birth to 4 months Startle Reflex (Loud Noise) Birth to 4 months Plantar Reflex Birth to 8 months Babinski Reflex Birth to 1 year Chapter 3: Health promotion of infants (2 days to 1 year) 1. Physical Development -Weight: -Doubled by 5 months -Tripled by 12 months -Quartered by 30 months -Height: -2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months -Length: -Increases by 50% by 12 months -Dentition: -First teeth erupt between 6-10 months 2. Motor skill development ▪ 1 Month o Head lag o Strong grasp reflex ▪ 2 Months o Lifts head when prone o Holds hand in open position | Grasp reflex fades ▪ 3 Months o Raises head and shoulders when prone | Slight head lag o No grasp reflex | Keeps hands loosely open ▪ 4 Months o Rolls from back to side o Grasp objects with both hands ▪ 5 Months o Rolls from front to back o Palmar grasp dominantly ▪ 6 Months o Rolls from back to front o Holds bottle ▪ 7 Months o Bears full weight on feet | Sits, leaning forward on both hands o Moves objects from hand to hand ▪ 8 Months o Sits unsupported o Pincer grasp ▪ 9 Months o Pulls to a standing position | Creeps on hands and knees instead of crawling o Crude pincer grasp | Dominant hand is evident ▪ 10 Months o Prone to sitting position o Grasps rattle by its handle ▪ 11 Months o Walks while holding onto something | Walks with one hand held o Places objects into a container | Neat pincer grasp ▪ 12 Months o Stands without support briefly | Sits from standing position without assistance o Tries to build a two-block tower w/o success | Can turn pages in a book 3. Cognitive development -Piaget: sensorimotor (birth to 24 months) -Object Permanence: objects still exists when it is out of view -Occurs at 9-10 months 4. Language development -3-5 words by the age of 1 year 5. Psychosocial development -Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust: - Learn delayed gratification -Trust is developed by meeting comfort, feeding, simulation, and caring needs -Mistrust develops if needs are inadequately or inconsistently met or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by the infant 6. Social development -Separation Anxiety: protest when separated from parents -Begins around 4-8 months -Stranger Fear: ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people -Begins 6-8 months 7. Age appropriate activities -Rattles -Playing pat-a cake -Brightly colored toys -Playing with blocks 8. Nutrition -Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months -Solids are introduced around 4-6 months -Iron-fortified cereal is the first to be introduced -New foods should be introduced one at a time, over a 5-7 day period to observe for allergy reactions -Juice and water usually not needed for 1st year -Appropriate finger foods: -Ripe bananas -Toast strips -Graham crackers -Cheese cubes -Noodles -Firmly cooked vegetables -Raw pieces of fruit (except grapes) 9. Injury prevention -Avoid small objects (grapes, coins, and candy) -Handles of pots and pans should be kept turned to the back of the stove -Sunscreen should be used when infants are exposed to the sun -Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until age 2 -Crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 months -Pillows should be kept out of the crib -Infants should be placed on their backs for sleep Chapter 4: Health Promotion of Toddlers (1 to 3 years) 1. Physical development -Weight: -30 months: 4 times the birth weight -Height: -Toddlers grow 7.5 cm (3 in) per year -Head circumference and chest circumference: -Usually equal by 1 to 2 years of age 2. Cognitive development -Piaget: sensorimotor stage transitions to preoperational stage 19 – 24 months -Object Permanence: fully developed 3. Language development -1 year: using one-word sentences -2 years: 300 words, multiword sentences by combining 2-3 words 4. Psychosocial Development -Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt -Independence is paramount for toddlers who are attempting to do everything for themselves -Use negativism or negative responses to express their independence -Ritualism, or maintaining routines and reliability, provides a sense of comfort for toddlers as they begin to explore the environment beyond those most familiar to them 5. Age appropriate activities -Parallel play: Toddlers observe other children and then might engage in activities nearby -Appropriate activities: -Playing with blocks -Push-pull toys -Large-piece puzzles -Thick crayons -Toilet training can begin when toddlers have the sensation of needing to urinate or defecate 6. Motor skill development ▪ 15 Months o Walks without help | Creeps up stairs o Uses a cup well | Builds 2 tower blocks ▪ 18 Months o Runs clumsily | Throws overhand | Jumps in place w/ both feet | Pulls/Pushes toys o Manages a spoon w/o rotation | Turns pages 2-3 pages /time | Builds 3-4 blocks | Uses crayon to scribble spontaneously | Feeds self ▪ 24 Months (2 years) o Walks backwards | Walks up/down stairs w/ 2 feet on each step o Builds 6-7 blocks | Turns pages 1 @ a time ▪ 30 Months (2.5 years) o Balances on 1 leg | Jumps across floor / off chair w/ both feet | Walks tiptoe o Draws circles | has good hand-finger coordination 7. Nutrition -Whole milk at 1 year old -Can start drinking low-fat milk after 2 years of age -Juice consumption should be limited to 4-6 oz. per day -Foods that are potential choking hazards: -Nuts -Grapes -Hot dogs