DIALYSIS PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS

The nephron is located mostly in the cortex or the kidney. True or False - True The body normally excretes 1 to 2 liters of urine each day. True or False - True What does a solution consist of? - Solvent and Solute What are 2 types of ultrafiltration systems? - Volumetric and Flow Rate When _______ mL amount of urine collects in the bladder, the sensory nerve causes the urge to urinate? - mL What is the normal pH of urine? - 4.0 to 8.0 What is the most common cause of kidney failure in the U.S? - Diabetes Agents that damage the tissue of the kidney is called what? - Endotoxins What are some effects of uremia? - hyperkalemia, acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and malnutrition. What is the most frequent complication in hemodialysis? - Infection A fistula access places additional strain on the heart. What is the required increase in cardiac output to have a fistula? - 10% What is the desired level in a dialysis patient? - >=4.0 mg/dl What ways a dialyzer removes solutes? - Convection, Diffusion, and Adsorption What is the purpose of a gradient in dialysis? - Force waste out of the body. After a dialysis treatment, a patient that is said to be at their "target weight" should have what? - No edema and no shortness of breath. What leads to a faster diffusion? - Small particles, warm solution, large pores What condition occurs due to "too hot" dialysate? - Hemolysis. What are the 2 compartments of a dialyzer? - Blood and Dialysate What defines the intravascular fluid compartment? - Blood inside the blood vessels. What is a long-term complication of a fistula? - Stenosis What makes up the composition of the acid bath? - Potassium, Calcium, Chloride, Acetate, Sodium After giving heparin bolus, how long do you have to wait before the start of dialysis? - 5 minutes What is the purpose of the bypass function in a hemodialysis delivery system? - To protect the patient from dialysate that is not within safety margins. What factors need to be considered when setting or adjusting the UF goal? - The desired weight loss, fluid given treatment orally or with IV medication, and fluid output during dialysis (urine, emesis). What makes up the extracorporeal circuit? - Transducer protectors, dialyzer, bloodlines What are the symptoms of uremia? - Fatigue, weakness, mental confusion, flu-like symptoms, metallic taste in the mouth. How is TMP measured by? - MM/Hg A conductivity alarm sounds during: - The dialysate is in bypass mode. The pressure difference between the blood side and the dialysate side of the dialyzer is called what? - Transmembrane pressure Define countercurrent flow: - The blood flows in one direction and dialysate flows in the opposite. Which section sends drops of urine into the renal pelvis? - The calyx When the high temperature alarm goes off, what is the first thing the CHT should do? - Verify that the machine is in bypass mode for the dialysate. Define Osmosis: - Water moves through a membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. The electrolyte that plays a major role in muscle contraction and in high and low levels can lead to weakness or even cardiac arrest is which electrolyte? - Potassium (K) The normal saline solution used for dialysis in priming dialyzers and lines is what type of solution? - Isotonic Over occlusion of the blood pump rollers can result in: - Hemolysis What lab values are monitored at least monthly? - BUN, Calcium, Potassium. What is the main purpose of using high dialysate flow rate during hemodialysis: - To maintain a wide concentration gradient. How many liters of water are dialysis patients exposed to in a week? - about 860 L or 270-576 L What are the 2 main water sources in the U.S? - Ground water and Surface water What is Alum and why it is added to drinking water? - Aluminum Flocculant: It binds the particles and sicks them to the bottom. What is ground water tend to be high and low in? - High in Minerals and Low in Bacteria. What is surface water tend to be high in? (2) - High in Minerals and High in Chemicals What is the function of the carbon tanks? - To remove coloring and chloramine (and some other chemicals) What does FDA stand for and the purpose of this company? - Food and Drug Administration Purpose for the devices to treat water must have their approval. What does EPA stand for and the purpose of this company? - Purpose is to regulate drinking water in the US