ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OPENSTAX TEST BANK | Q&A EXPLAINED (GRADED A+) | BEST 2023

1. An Introduction to the Human Body 1. ………….is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification (A) Gross anatomy (B) Microscopic anatomy (C) Macroscopic anatomy (D) Physical anatomy Ans A Diff Easy Page 8 2. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “ ........... ’’ (A) To cut apart (B) To fix with (C) To view inside (D) To study exterior Ans A Diff Easy 3. Dissection is still used in …………. (A) Medical schools (B) Pathology labs (C) Anatomy courses (D) All of above Page 8 Ans D Diff Easy 4. Microscopic anatomy includes …………. (A) Histology (B) Cytology (C) Both of above (D) None of above Page 8 Ans C Diff Easy Page 8 5 ................. is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. (A) Regional anatomy (B) Systematic anatomy (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 9 6. Human physiology is the scientific study of the ........... of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. (A) Chemistry (B) Physic (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans C Diff Medium Page 9 7. Homeostasis is the state of steady -------- maintained by living things. (A) Internal Condition (B) External conditions (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans A Diff Easy Page 9 8. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of ---------- tissue types. (A) One (B) Two (C) Two or more (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 11 9. In ------------ organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism. (A) Unicellular (B) Bicellular (C) Multicellular (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 14 10. The different organ systems each have different functions and therefore --------- roles to perform in physiology. (A) Unique (B) Different (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans C Diff Easy Page14 11. A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct ……….. . (A) Internal compartments (B) External compartments (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 14 12. The organism level is the .............level of organization (A) Lowest (B) Highest (C) Medium (D) Extreme Ans A Diff Medium Page 14 13. Which of the following mechanism is involved in releasing energy? (A) Catabolism (B) Anabolism (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 14 14. Every cell in your body makes use of a chemical compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to ………. . (A) Store energy (B) Release energy (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 15 15 ............... is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments (A) Responsiveness (B) Movement (C) Locomotion (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 15 16. Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal ……….. . (A) Body temperature (B) Blood pressure (C) Hormone level (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard 17 ............... is all of the changes the body goes through in life. (A) Development (B) Growth (C) Reproduction (D) All of above Page 16 Ans A Diff Medium 18. Development includes the process of ………. . (A) Differentiation (B) Growth (C) Repair (D) All of above Page 16 Ans D Diff Medium Page 16 19. Humans have been adapting to life on Earth for at least the past …………. . (A) 100000 years (B) 200000 years (C) 300000 years (D) 400000 years Ans B Diff Hard Page 17 20. Atmospheric air is only about ............. percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP (A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 40 (D) 60 Ans A Diff Medium Page 17 21. Controlled hypothermia often is used, for example, during open-heart surgery because it .......... the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them. (A) Decreases (B) Increases (C) Remains constant (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 18 22. In the emergency department, the physician induces coma and lowers the patient’s body temperature to approximately 91 degrees. This condition, which is maintained for 24 hours ............. the patient’s metabolic rate (A) Slows (B) Enhances (C) Neutralizes (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 18 23. The pressure of the nitrogen gas in your blood would be much .......... than the pressure of nitrogen in the space surrounding your body (A) Higher (B) Lower (C) Equal (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 19 24. Decompression sickness (DCS) is a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body. This condition affects ………. (A) Underwater divers (B) Pilots (C) Mountaineers (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium 25. The most common symptom of DCS is ………….. . (A) Pain in the joints (B) Headache (C) Vision disturbances (D) All of above Page 20 Ans D Diff Medium Page 20 26. The brain triggers the thyroid gland in the endocrine system to release thyroid hormone, which ……… metabolic activity and heat production in cells throughout the body. (A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Remains constant (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 21 27. Childbirth and the body’s response to blood loss are two examples of ................... Loops that are normal but are activated only when needed. (A) Positive feedback (B) Negative feedback (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 22 28 ............. position describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body (A) Proximal (B) Distal (C) Medial (D) Lateral Ans A Diff Hard 29. A plane is ..................surface that passes through the body. (A) Two dimensional (B) Three dimensional (C) Imaginary two dimensional (D) Imaginary three dimensional Page 25 Ans C Diff Hard 30. The ............. is the largest cavity in the body (A) Abdominopelvic cavity (B) Thoracic cavity (C) Cranial cavity (D) Spinal cavity P age 25 Ans A Diff Hard Page 27 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 1. Human chemistry includes …….. . (A) Organic molecules (B) Elements (C) Biochemical (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 42 2. In glucose, there are always six carbon and six oxygen units for every......... hydrogen units. (A) Three (B) Six (C) Twelve (D) Eighteen Ans C Diff Medium Page 43 3. The percentage of potassium in human body is …………. (A) 0.2 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.5 Ans C Diff Medium Page 43 4. Uranium (U), is referred to as a heavy metal and it contains .......... neutrons (A) 238 (B) 92 (C) 146 (D) 240 Ans C Diff Medium Page 44 5. The number of protons and neutrons …………. (A) May be equal for some elements (B) Are equal for all elements (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 45 6. An isotope is one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of …………. . (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C) Neutrons (D) All of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 46 7. Excessive exposure to radioactive isotopes can cause ………….. . (A) Damage of human cells (B) Birth defects (C) Cancer (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 46 8. If you take a look at the periodic table of the elements, you will notice that hydrogen and helium are placed alone on either sides of the top row; they are the only elements that have ……….. . (A) One electron shells (B) Two electron shells (C) Three electron shells (D) Four electron shells Ans A Diff Medium Page 47 9. The most common example of .............. in the natural world occurs between molecules of water (A) Ionic bonding (B) Covalent bonding (C) Hydrogen bonding (D) All of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 53 10 ................. is the energy of position, or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components. (A) Kinetic energy (B) Chemical energy (C) Potential energy (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 54 11. The full spectrum of ............. is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. (A) Radiant energy (B) Electrical energy (C) Mechanical energy (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 55 12. An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is ……….. . (A) Absorbed (B) Stored (C) Released (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 56 13. The most important catalysts in the human body are ……….. . (A) Enzymes (B) Proteins (C) Lipids (D) Carbohydrates Ans A Diff Easy Page 57 14. An inorganic compound is a substance that does not contain …………. (A) Carbon (B) Hydrogen (C) Both of above (D) None of the above Ans C Diff Medium Page 58 15. In the bloodstream of humans, glucose concentration is usually measured in milligram (mg) per deciliter (dL), and in a healthy adult averages about ……… (A) 10 mg/dL (B) 100 mg/d (C) 1000 mg/dL (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard 16. A buffer is a solution of a …………………. (A) Weak acid and its conjugate base (B) Strong acid and its conjugate base (C) Weak base and its conjugate acid (D) Strong base and its conjugate acid Page 59 Ans A Diff Hard Page 63 16. Which of the following can cause respiratory alkalosis? (A) Lung disease (B) Aspirin overdose (C) Shock (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 64 17. Which of the following functional groups is involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions? (A) Carboxylic group (B) Hydroxyl group (C) Methyl group (D) Phosphate group Ans B Diff Hard Page 65 18. A triglyceride is one of the most common dietary ............ , and the type found most abundantly in body tissues (A) Lipid groups (B) Carbohydrate groups (C) Carbohydrate groups (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 69 19...............are compounds in which the hydrophobic triglycerides are packaged in protein envelopes for transport in body fluids. (A) Glycolipids (B) Fatty acids (C) Lipoproteins (D) All of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 70 20. One reason that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are beneficial is that they stimulate the production of certain ........... that help regulate aspects of blood pressure and inflammation, and thereby reduce the risk for heart disease (A) Prostaglandins (B) Sterols (C) Phospholipids (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 71 21. Proteins include the keratin in the epidermis of skin that protects ……………. (A) Collagen (B) Underlying tissues (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 72 22. If a particular essential amino acid is not available in sufficient quantities in the amino acid pool, however, synthesis of proteins containing it can ………… . (A) Slow (B) Cease (C) Increase (D) A and B Ans D Diff hard Page 73 23. In protein shapes, the most common secondary structure is a spiral called ………. (A) An alpha-helix (B) Beta-pelated sheet (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 74 24. A nucleotide is one of a class of organic compounds composed of …………. (A) One or more phosphate groups (B) A pentose sugar (C) A nitrogen containing base (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 76 25. A ............. is a nitrogen-containing molecule with a double ring structure, which accommodates several nitrogen atoms. (A) Purine (B) Pyrimidine (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 76 26. Humans have almost ...........genes in their DNA, locked up in the 46 chromosomes inside the nucleus of each cell (except red blood cells which lose their nuclei during development). (A) 10000 (B) 12000 (C) 20000 (D) 22000 Ans D Diff Medium Page 77 27. The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is composed of ……….. . (A) Ribose sugar (B) An adenine base (C) Three phosphate groups (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard 28. ATP is classified as a ………………. (A) High energy compound (B) Low energy compound (C) Medium energy compound (D) None of above Page 77 Ans A Diff Medium 29. Which of the following bases is found in RNA only? (A) Cytosine (B) Thymine (C) Uracil (D) All of above Page 77 Ans C Diff Hard 30. Any given enzyme catalyzes ……………. . (A) One type of reaction (B) Two types of reactions (C) Three types of reactions (D) Multiple type reactions Page 76 Ans A Diff Medium Page 75 3. The Cellular Level of Organization 1. Primary responsibility of each cell is to contribute to ………. . (A) Homeostasis (B) Reproduction (C) Sustainability (D) Protection Ans A Diff Easy Page 88 2. An amphipathic molecule is one that contains ……….. . (A) Hydrophilic region (B) Hydrophobic region (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 88 3. The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged ………. (A) Tail to tail (B) Head to tail (C) Head to head (D) Head to tail Ans A Diff Easy Page 89 4 is the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy. (A) Passive transport (B) Active transport (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 91 5 is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (A) Active transport (B) Passive transport (C) Diffusion (D) Concentration gradient Ans C Diff Medium Page 91 6. Facilitated diffusion of substances crossing the cell (plasma) membrane takes place with the help of ……………. . (A) Channel proteins (B) Carrier proteins (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 92 7 ................. brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles. (A) Endocytosis (B) Phagocytosis (C) Pinocytosis (D) All of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 95 8. Cells of the stomach and pancreas produce and secrete digestive enzymes through ……….. . (A) Endocytosis (B) Exocytosis (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 95 9. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease well known for its damage to the …….. . (A) Lungs (B) Liver (C) Pancreas (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 95 10. Which of the following is organelle of the endomembrane system? (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Vesicles (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 98 11. One of the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is in the synthesis of ……….. . (A) Lipids (B) Proteins (C) Carbohydrates (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 99 12. Which of the following organelles is the “energy transformer” of the cell. (A) Cell membrane (B) Mitochondria (C) Nucleus (D) Endoplasmic reticulum Ans B Diff Hard 13. Peroxisomes perform a function of ………………. (A) Lipid metabolism (B) Chemical detoxification (C) Both of above (D) None of above Page 101 Ans C Diff Medium Page 102 14. Due to their ………………………………., ROS can set off chain reactions where they remove electrons from other molecules, which then become oxidized and reactive, and do the same to other molecules, causing a chain reaction (A) Characteristic paired electrons (B) Characteristics unpaired electrons (C) Characteristic free radicals (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 101 15. Which of the following versions of free radical theory is more widely accepted? (A) Aging process itself is a result of oxidative damage (B) Oxidative damage causes age related diseases (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 103 16. The cytoskeleton consists of …………. . (A) Microtubules (B) Microfilaments (C) Intermediate filaments (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 104 17. The ........... is a region of the nucleus that is responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for construction of ribosomes. (A) Nucleolus (B) Nuclear envelop (C) Nuclei (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 105 18. In the step of .......... Of DNA replication, each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary strand is built. (A) Initiation (B) Elongation (C) Termination (D) All of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 109 19. One of the most important classes of proteins is ............ , which help speed up necessary biochemical reactions that take place inside the cell (A) Enzymes (B) Lipoproteins (C) Lysozyme (D) Oligosaccharides Ans A Diff Medium Page 110 20. Gene expression begins with the process called …………. (A) Transcription (B) Initiation (C) Elongation (D) Termination Ans A Diff Hard Page 111 21 is a type of RNA that, together with proteins, composes the structure of the ribosome (A) rRNA (B) mRNA (C) tRNA (D) all of above Ans A Diff Medium 22 is the period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing (A) Interphase (B) Mitosis (C) Cytokinesis (D) None of above Page 113 Ans A Diff Medium Page 116 23. A ........... is a point in the cell cycle at which the cycle can be signaled to move forward or stopped (A) Checkpoint (B) Cyclin (C) Cyclindependent kinase (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 119 24. The process of cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final …………. . (A) Morphology (B) Physiology (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 121 25. A pluripotent stem cell is one that has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an organism (A) Pluripotent (B) Oligopotent (C) Unipotent (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard P age 121 26. Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action is called ………. . (A) Autolysis (B) Cell cycle (C) Anticodon (D) Autophagy Ans A Diff Medium Page 126 27 ............ is one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing (A) Codon (B) Exon (C) Anticodon (D) Chromatin Ans B Diff Hard P age 127 28. G2 phase is the .......... phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase (A) First (B) Second (C) Third (D) Fourth Ans C Diff Medium Page 127 29 is the fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels (A) Interstitial fluid (B) Intracellular fluid (C) Intron (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 128 30 is the diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane. (A) Osmosis (B) Mitosis (C) Pinocytosis (D) Phagocytosis Ans A Diff Medium Page 129 4. The Tissue Level of Organization 1. The body contains at least ........... distinct cell types (A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 300 (D) 400 Ans B Diff Medium Page 135 2 .............. , refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands (A) Epithelial tissues (B) Connective tissues (C) Nervous tissues (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 136 3. Synovial membranes surround the joints of the ………. (A) Shoulder (B) Elbow (C) Knee (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 139 4. Epithelial tissues provide the body’s first line of protection from .............. wear and tear (A) Physical (B) Chemical (C) Biological (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 141 5. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the ……….. . (A) Shape of the cells (B) Number of the cells (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy 6. Squamous cell nuclei tend to be …………. . (A) Flat (B) Horizontal (C) Elliptical (D) All of above Page 143 Ans D Diff Hard Page 143 7 ................ is a type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but instead consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently sized columnar cells (A) Pseudo stratified epithelium (B) Simple columnar epithelium (C) Goblet cells epithelium (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 144 8. Which of the following is examples of endocrine glands? (A) Anterior pituitary (B) Thymus (C) Adrenal cortex (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard 9. Breast milk is an example of ………. (A) Endocrine glands (B) Exocrine glands (C) Glandular structures (D) None of above Page 147 Ans B Diff Hard Page 147 10. Exocrine glands can be classified by their ……….. . (A) Mode of secretion (B) Nature of substances released (C) Structure of the glands (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 148 11. The process of ............... involves the rupture and destruction of the entire gland cell. (A) Holocrine secretion (B) Apocrine secretion (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 149 12. Bone and cartilage are examples of ...........that provide structure and strength to the body (A) Dense connective tissues (B) Loose connective tissues (C) Supportive connective tissues (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 151 13 ...............are fixed cells, which means they remain within the connective tissue (A) Fibrocytes (B) Adipocytes (C) Mesenchymal cells (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 151 14. The brown adipocytes store lipids as many droplets, and have ........... metabolic activity (A) High (B) Low (C) Moderate (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 152 15 contains the protein elastin along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins (A) Elastic fiber (B) Collagen fiber (C) Reticular fiber (D) All of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 152 16 is most abundant and it can appear yellow and owes its color to carotene and related pigments from plant food (A) White adipose tissue (B) Brown adipose tissue (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 153 17. The dermis of the skin is an example of ……………. (A) Dense irregular connective tissues (B) Dense regular connective tissues (C) Loose irregular connective tissues (D) Loose regular connective tissues Ans A Diff Hard Page 154 18. Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest risk of …………. (A) Tendinitis (B) Rickets (C) Arthritis (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 156 19. ……….. , is the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers and contains large amounts of proteoglycans (A) Hyaline cartilage (B) Fibrocartilage (C) Elastic cartilage (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 157 20. Menisci in the knee joint and the intervertebral discs are examples of ……….. (A) Fibrocartilage (B) Hyaline cartilage (C) Elastic cartilage (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard 21. Bone is the ………….. . (A) Hardest connective tissue (B) Highly vascularized tissue (C) Short recovering tissues (D) All of above Page 157 Ans D Diff Hard Page 158 22 ............. , are responsible for defending against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. (A) Erythrocytes (B) Leukocytes (C) Platelets (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium 23. Which of the following is fluid connective tissues? (A) Blood (B) Lymph (C) Both of above (D) None of above Page 159 Ans C Diff Easy Page 159 24. The contraction of your pupil in bright Light is an example of ............. movement (A) Voluntary (B) Involuntary (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 160 25 ................ tissue contraction is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs (A) Skeletal muscle (B) Smooth muscle (C) Cardiac muscle (D) All of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 168 26. The cell body of a neuron, also called the soma, contains the …………. . (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi bodies (D) A and B Ans D Diff Hard Page 162 27 ................ produce myelin in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) (A) Oligodendrocyte cells (B) Schwann cells (C) Astrocytes (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 163 28. is programmed cell death, a normal step-by-step process that destroys cells no longer needed by the body? (A) Inflammation (B) Apoptosis (C) Necrosis (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 164 29. Which of the following is hallmark of cancer? (A) Uncontrolled growth (B) Colonization of other organs (C) Invasion into adjacent tissues (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 167 30 .............. is a star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier (A) Astrocyte (B) Apical (C) Atrophy (D) Areolar Ans A Diff Hard Page 170 5. The Integumentary System 1. In the adult human body, the skin makes up about .............. of body weight (A) 6 % (B) 16 % (C) 26% (D) 36 % Ans B Diff Medium Page 180 2. Dermal papillae .......... the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis (A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Neutralizes (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 182 3. The stratum lucidum is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis (A) Stratum lucidum (B) Stratum granulosum (C) Stratum coneum (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 185 4. The .................... is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles (A) Hypodermis (B) Reticular layer (C) Papillary layer (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 186 5. Eumelanin exists as ................ , whereas pheomelanin provides a red color (A) Black (B) Brown (C) Green (D) A and B Ans D Diff Easy Page 188 6. Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of ……….. . (A) Skin (B) Hair (C) Eyes (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 190 7. Which of the following is not accessory structure of the skin? (A) Hair (B) Nails (C) Sweat glands (D) None of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 192 8. The medulla forms the central core of the hair, which is surrounded by the ………. (A) Cortex (B) Cuticle (C) Follicle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 192 9. The hair follicle is made of multiple layers of cells that form from basal cells in the …………. (A) Hair matrix (B) Hair root (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 193 10. The catagen phase of hair growth lasts only ............ , and marks a transition from the hair follicle’s active growth (A) 1 to 2 weeks (B) 2 to 3 weeks (C) 3 to 4 weeks (D) 4 to 5 weeks Ans B Diff Medium Page 194 11. The nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body forms the ............. , also called the eponychium. (A) Nail body (B) Nail tip (C) Nail bed (D) Nail cuticle Ans D Diff Easy Page 194 12 is type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation (A) Eccrine glands (B) Sweat glands (C) Sudoriferous glands (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 195 13 are a primary component of thermoregulation in humans and thus help to maintain homeostasis. (A) Eccrine glands (B) Sweat glands (C) Sudoriferous glands (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 195 14. A ............. is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair (A) Sebaceous gland (B) Eccrine gland (C) Sweat gland (D) Sudoferous gland Ans A Diff Medium Page 196 15. The fatty acids of sebum also have antibacterial properties, and prevent water loss from the skin in …………… environments (A) Low humidity (B) High humidity (C) Moderate humidity (D) All of above Ans A Diff High Page 196 16. Which of the following danger is associated with tattoo or body piercing? (A) Allergic reactions (B) Skin infections (C) Blood borne diseases (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 197 17. A person with tattoos should be cautious when having a ……………. (A) MRI (B) CT Scan (C) ECG (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 197 18. The skin acts as a sense organ because the.............. contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain (A) Dermis (B) Hypodermis (C) Epidermis (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 197 19. During strenuous physical activities, such as skiing or running, the dermal blood vessels ........... and sweat secretion increases (A) Dilate (B) Contract (C) Enlarge (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 199 20. The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes ........... when exposed to UV radiation (A) Vitamin B (B) Vitamin C (C) Vitamin D (D) All of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 200 21. The absence of sun exposure can lead to a lack of vitamin D in the body, leading to a condition called ……………. , a painful condition in children where the bones are misshapen due to a lack of calcium, causing bowleggedness (A) Rickets (B) Osteomalacia (C) Hypercalcimia (D) Hypocalcaemia Ans A Diff Hard Page 200 22. In addition to its essential role in bone health, vitamin D is essential for general immunity against ……………. Infections (A) Bacterial (B) Viral (C) Fungal (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 201 23 .................. Involves the clogging of pores, which can lead to infection and inflammation, and is often seen in adolescents (A) Eczema (B) Acne (C) Impetigo (D) Scabies Ans B Diff Hard Page 203 24 ..............may be accompanied by swelling of the skin, flaking, and in severe cases, bleeding (A) Eczema (B) Acne (C) Impetigo (D) Scabies Ans A Diff Hard Page 202 25. The sebum, when oxidized by exposure to air, turns …………. (A) Black (B) Red (C) White (D) Blue Ans A Diff Hard P age 203 26. Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to ……………. (A) Formation of blackheads (B) Inflammation of skin (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Pag e 204 27. Which of the followings is a popular among patients, hoping to reduce the appearance of skin aging? (A) Botox injection (B) Laser treatment (C) Filler injections (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 204 28. A burn results when the skin is damaged by ………. . (A) Intense heat (B) Radiation (C) Electricity (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 205 29. A ............ goes deeper and affects both the epidermis and a portion of the dermis (A) A first degree burn (B) A second degree burn (C) A third degree burn (D) A fourth degree burn Ans B Diff Hard Page 205 30. When you wear shoes that do not fit well and are a constant source of abrasion on your toes, you tend to form a .......... at the point of contact (A) Stretch mark (B) Corn (C) Callus (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 206 6. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System 1. A well-preserved fossil skeleton can give us a good sense of the ............. of an organism (A) Size (B) Shape (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 214 2. Which of the following critical function is not related to skeletal system for the human body? (A) Supports the body (B) Facilitates movement (C) Protects external organs (D) Produces blood cells Ans C Diff Medium Page 214 3 ............... often appear in preteens as the result of poor posture, abnormal growth, or indeterminate causes (A) Spinal curvatures (B) Lateral curvatures (C) Axial curvatures (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 217 4. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red marrow (A) Red marrow (B) Yellow marrow (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 218 5. The ............. are found in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles of human skeleton. (A) Short bones (B) Long bones (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 219 6. A short bone is one that is ........... in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. (A) Cubical (B) Hexagonal (C) Rhombohedra (D) None of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 219 7. Which of the following is not an example of flat bones? (A) Cranial (B) Scapula (C) Sternum (D) Patellae Ans D Diff Hard Page 220 8. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as ……………. (A) Sesamoid bones (B) Irregular bones (C) Flat bones (D) None of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 220 9. The ........... is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone (A) Diaphysis (B) Epiphysis (C) Medullary cavity (D) Compact bone Ans A Diff Hard Page 221 10. The ................... contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone (A) Endosteum (B) Periosteum (C) Metaphysis (D) Epiphyseal plate Ans B Diff Hard Page 221 11 ...................... is the attachment points for tendons and ligaments (A) Articulation (B) Projection (C) Hole (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 222 12. The surface features of bones depend on their ……………. (A) Function (B) Location (C) Attachment of ligaments and tendons (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 224 13 ................ maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. (A) Osteocytes (B) Osteoblast (C) Lacuna (D) Canaliculus Ans A Diff Hard Page 225 14. Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand ............... , while spongy (cancellous) bone has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution. (A) Tensile forces (B) Compressive forces (C) Shear forces (D) All of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 226 15. Paget’s disease usually occurs in adults over age …………. (A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 40 (D) 50 Ans C Diff Medium Page 229 16. Bisphosphonates, drugs that ........... the activity of osteoclasts, are often used in the treatment of Paget’s disease. However, in a (A) Decrease (B) Increase (C) Maintain (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 229 17. During fetal development, a framework is laid down that determines where bones will form, which is a flexible, semi-solid matrix produced by chondroblasts and consists of ………. (A) Hydrochloric acid (B) Chondroitin sulphate (C) Collagen fibers (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 231 18. The reserve zone is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix (A) Reserve zone (B) Reverse zone (C) Central zone (D) Peripheral zone Ans A Diff Medium Page 234 19. The process in which matrix is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another is known as ……………. . (A) Bone modeling (B) Bone remodeling (C) Bone fracture (D) Bone repair Ans A 20. Frequent and multiple fractures typically lead to …………. . (A) Bone deformities (B) long stature (C) Bowing of long bones (D) Curvature of the spine Diff Medium Page 236 Ans A Diff Medium Page 237 21...............requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone (A) Open reduction (B) Closed reduction (C) Open fracture (D) Closed fracture Ans A Diff Medium Page 237 22. Fractures are classified by their ……………. . (A) Complexity (B) Location (C) Other features (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 238 23. The disruption of blood flow to the bone results in the ............ of bone cells around the fracture. (A) Injury (B) Death (C) Distortion (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 240 24. During long space missions, astronauts can lose approximately ................ of their bone mass per month (A) 1 to 2 % (B) 2 to 3 % (C) 4 to 5 % (D) 5 to 6 % Ans A Difficulty Hard Page 241 25. Numerous, controlled studies have demonstrated that people who exercise regularly have ………. bone density than those who are more sedentary (A) Greater (B) Smaller (C) Equal (D) None of above Ans A Difficulty Medium Pag e 241 26. Which of the following is not a sources of calcium? (A) Nuts (B) Beans (C) Seeds (D) None of above Ans D 27. Green leafy vegetables are a good source of ……….. . (A) Vitamin C (B) Vitamin D (C) Vitamin K (D) None of above Diff Hard Page 241 Ans C Diff Medium Page 242 28. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the absorption of ……………… from the digestive tract (A) Calcium (B) Phosphate (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 243 29. The normal level of calcium in the blood is about ………. . (A) 10 mg/dL (B) 15 mg/dL (C) 20 mg/dL (D) 25 mg/dL Ans A Diff Hard Page 245 30. Cells of the parathyroid gland have plasma membrane receptors for ………. . (A) Calcium (B) Potassium (C) Phosphorus (D) Nitrogen Ans A Diff Medium Page 246 7. Axial Skeleton 1. The --------- forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. (A) Axial skeleton (B) The Appendicular Skeleton (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 256 2. The ------------- includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. (A) Axial skeleton (B) Appendicular skeleton (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 257 3. There are ---- bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult. (A) 130 (B) 135 (C) 126 (D) 120 Ans C Diff Easy Page 257 4. In the adult, the skull consists of ------ individual bones. (A) 25 (B) 27 (C) 20 (D) 22 Ans A Diff Easy Page 258 5. The interior space that is almost completely occupied by the brain is called the ------- --. (A) Cranial cavity (B) Nasal cavity (C) Facial cavity (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 260 6. The---------- forms most of the upper lateral side of the skull. (A) Temporal bone (B) Parietal bone (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 261 7. The---------- forms the lower lateral side of the skull. (A) Parietal bone (B) Temporal bone (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 261 8. The ---------- is a zigzag shaped tunnel that provides passage through the base of the skull for one of the major arteries that supplies the brain. (A) Carotid canal (B) Stylomastoid foramen (C) Mandibular fossa (D) Styli process Ans A Diff Hard Page 262 9. The ---------- is the single bone that forms the forehead. (A) Frontal bone (B) Back bone (C) Side bone (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 263 10. The occipital bone is the single bone that forms the posterior skull and posterior base of the --- - -. (A) Cranial cavity. (B) Nasal cavity (C) Facial cavity (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 264 11. The sphenoid bone is a single, complex bone of the central skull. (A) Back (B) Front (C) Side (D) central Ans D Diff Easy Page 264 12. The ethmoid bone is a single, midline bone that forms the roof and lateral walls of the upper ---- ---. (A) Cranial cavity (B) Nasal cavity (C) Facial cavity (D) None of above Ans B Diff medium Page 265 13. A suture is -------- joint between adjacent bones of the skull. (A) Immobile (B) Mobile (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 266 14. The suture lines seen on the top of the skull are the -------- --. (A) Coronal (B) Sagittal (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans C Diff easy Page 267 15. Each tooth is anchored into a deep socket called an ----- --. (A) Alveolus (B) Maxilla (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 268 16. The --------- bone is one of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that contribute small areas to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of each orbit. (A) Facial (B) Nasal (C) Palatine (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium 17. The -------- bone is also known as the cheekbone. (A) Lacrimal Bone (B) Nasal bone (C) Zygomatic (D) Mover bone Page 269 Ans C Diff Hard Page 270 18. The --------- forms the lower jaw and is the only moveable bone of the skull. (A) Mandible (B) Zygomatic (C) Nasal (D) Gomer Ans A Diff Hard 19. The nasal septum consists of ------------- --. (A) Bone (B) Cartilage (C) Both of above (D) None of above Page 271 Ans C Diff Medium 20. Cranial Fossae consist of ----------- --. (A) Anterior Cranial Fossa (B) Middle Cranial Fossa (C) Posterior Cranial Fossa (D) All of above Page 272 Ans D Diff Medium Page 274 21. The vertebral arch forms the ------- portion of each vertebra. (A) Interior (B) Posterior (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy 22. . A superior articular process extends or faces ---- --. (A) Downward (B) Upward (C) Backward (D) All of above Page 280 Ans B Diff Hard Page 281 23. The cervical vertebrae are ------ than lumbar vertebrae due to differences in the proportion of body weight that each supports. (A) Smaller (B) Larger (C) Medium (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 282 24. The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are larger than ------ --. (A) Lumbar Vertebrae (B) Cervical vertebrae (C) Sacrum (D) Coccyx Ans B Diff Hard Page 283 25. Adjacent vertebrae are united by ......... that run the length of the vertebral column along both its posterior and anterior aspects. (A) Ligaments (B) Fibrous (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 286 26. The posterior end of a typical rib is called the ......... of the rib. (A) Tail (B) Neck (C) Head (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 290 27. The bones of the skull arise from mesenchyme during embryonic development in two different ways (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Two Ans D Diff Medium Page 291 28. The ribs are classified into three groups based on their relationship to the sternum. (A) Two (B) Four (C) Five (D) Three Ans D Diff Medium Page 291 29. The short two ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all are called ------- (A) True ribs (B) False ribs (C) Floating ribs (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 291 30. During the third week of embryonic development, a rod-like structure called the --------- develops dorsally along the length of the embryo. (A) Notochord (B) Sclerotize (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 293 8. The Appendicular Skeleton 1. The scapula (shoulder blade) lies on the posterior aspect of the ------ --. (A) Shoulder (B) Leg (C) Chest (D) Hip Ans A Diff Easy Page 310 2. The clavicle has ------regions. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans B Diff Easy Page 311 3. The ------- is also part of the pectoral girdle and thus plays an important role in anchoring the upper limb to the body. (A) Scapula (B) Clavicle (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 312 4. The scapula has ------ depressions, each of which is called a fossa (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans B Diff Easy Page 313 5. The upper limb is divided into -------- regions. (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six Ans A Diff Medium Page 313 6. The --------- is the single bone of the upper arm region. (A) Humerus (B) Scapula (C) Clavicle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 314 7. This ridge forms the interosseous ------------- which, like the similar border of the ulna, is the line of attachment for the interosseous membrane that unites the two forearm bones. (A) Border of the radius (B) Neck of the radius (C) Shaft of the radius (D) None of above Ans 7 Diff Medium Page 315 8. The wrist and base of the hand are formed by a series of -------- small carpal bones. (A) Six (B) Seven (C) Eight (D) Nine Ans C Diff Hard Page 316 9. The palm of the hand contains five elongated ---------- bones. (A) Metacarpal (B) Ulna (C) Radius (D) Carpal Ans A Diff Easy Page 314 10. The pelvic girdle (hip girdle) is formed by --------- bone. (A) Double (B) (B)Single (C) (C) Triple (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 322 11. The pubis forms the anterior portion of the ------- bone. (A) Arm (B) Leg (C) Hip (D) Hand Ans C Diff Medium Page 323 12. The ------ forms the posterolateral portion of the hip bone. (A) Ischium (B) Ilium (C) Ulna (D) Radius Ans A Diff Medium 13. The pelvis consists of ------ bones. (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six Page 324 Ans B Diff Easy Page 325 14. The ------ or thigh bone, is the single bone of the thigh region. (A) Femur (B) Ilium (C) Radius (D) Ulna Ans A Diff Medium Page 328 15. The ------ is largest sesamoid bone of the body. (A) Patella (B) Ulna (C) Femur (D) Ilium Ans A Diff Medium Page 330 16. The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower ----- and the second longest bone of the body, after the femur. (A) Leg (B) Arm (C) Hand (D) Foot Ans A Diff Medium Page 332 17. The fibula is the slender bone located on the lateral side of the --- --. (A) Leg (B) Arm (C) Hand (D) Hip Ans A Diff Medium Page 334 18. The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven ------- bones. (A) Fibula (B) Tiba (C) Ilium (D) Tarsal Ans D Diff Medium Page334 19. The toes contain a total of ------- phalanx bones (phalanges), arranged in a similar manner as the phalanges of the fingers. (A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 14 Ans D Diff Medium Page 335 20. A joint between adjacent phalanx bones is called an ---------- joint. (A) Phalangeal (B) Interphalangeal (C) Both above (D) None of above 21. The longitudinal arches run down the length of the-----. (A) Hand (B) Foot (C) Arm (D) Leg Ans B Diff Medium page 335 22. Development of the limbs begins near the end of ---------- , with the upper limbs appearing first. (A) Ist embryonic Week (B) 2nd embryonic Week (C) 3rd embryonic week (D) 4th embryonic Week Ans D Diff Medium Page 336 23. During the ------ week of development, the distal ends of the upper and lower limb buds expand and flatten into a paddle shape. (A) Second (B) Third (C) Forth (D) Sixth Ans D Diff Hard Page 337 24. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the ------ . (A) Apical ectodermal ridge (B) Endo ectodermal ridge (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 337 25. Large bones, such as the --------- , will develop several secondary ossification centers, with an epiphyseal plate associated with each secondary center. (A) Ilum (B) Ulna (C) Femur (D) Fibula Ans C Diff Medium Page 338 26. Each upper limb is divided into three regions and contains a total of ------ bones. (A) 40 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 50 Ans C Diff Hard 27. The base of the hand is formed by ------- carpal bones. (A) Seven (B) Six (C) Five (D) Eight Ans D Diff Hard Page 349 Page 349 28. The lower limb is divided into three regions. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans B Diff Medium Page 350 29. The ------ contains the large tibia on the medial side and the slender fibula on the lateral side. (A) Arm (B) Leg (C) Hand (D) Foot Ans B Diff Medium Page 350 30. Intramembranous Ossification within the clavicle begins during the fifth week of development and continues until 25 years of age. (A) Fourth (B) Fifth (C) Sixth (D) Third Ans B Diff Hard Page 351 9. Joints 1. A ------- is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. (A) Fibrous joint (B) synovial joint (C) Ball and socket joint (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 356 2. All -------- joints are functionally classified as a diarthrosis joints. (A) Fibrous (B) Synovial (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 356 3. An immobile or --------- joint is called a synarthrosis. (A) Nearly immobile (B) Nearly mobile (C) Hardly mobile (D) None of above Ans A Easy Diff Page 356 4. An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has .......... mobility (A) Limited (B) Un limited (C) Zero (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 357 5. discs are made of fibrocartilage and thereby structurally form a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint. (A) Intervertebral (B) Vertebral (C) Non vertebral (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 357 6. A ------ mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis. (A) Freely (B) Fixed (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 357 7. A biaxial joint allows for motions within ------- planes. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans A Easy Diff Page 358 8. A joint that allows for the several directions of movement is called a -------- joint. (A) Multiaxial (B) Axial (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Easy Diff Page 358 9. There are …… types of fibrous joints. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans B Diff Easy Page 359 10. All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a ---- --. (A) Suture (B) Fibrous (C) Axial (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 359 11. During birth, the fontanelles provide -------- to the skull, allowing the bones to push closer together or to overlap slightly. (A) Flexibility (B) Fixed (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 359 12. Due to the --------- of a gomphosis, this type of joint is functionally classified as a synarthrosis. (A) Immobility (B) Mobility (C) Non Mobility (D) Tranquility Ans A Diff Medium Page 360 13. A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint where the bones are --------- by hyaline cartilage. (A) Joined (B) Broken (C) Exchanged (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 361 14. The pubic portions of the ------------- hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis. (A) Right and left (B) Above and down (C) Top and below (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 361 15. Growing layers of cartilage also form synchondroses that join together the ------- , ischium, and pubic portions of the hip bone during childhood and adolescence. (A) Ilium (B) Rectum (C) Languid (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium page: 361 16. A ------- joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage is called a symphysis (A) Cartilaginous (B) Synovial (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 361 17. Outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by --------- which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. (A) Ligaments (B) Fluids (C) Bones (D) Muscles Ans A Diff Medium Page 361 18. An extrinsic ligament is located --------- of the articular capsule. (A) Outside (B) Inside (C) Below (D) Above Ans A Diff Easy Page 361 19. A ------- bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone. (A) Subcutaneous (B) Muscular (C) Intervenes (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 362 20. A tendon sheath is ---------in structure to a bursa, but smaller. (A) Similar (B) Differ (C) Longer (D) Shorter Ans A Diff Easy Page 362 21. In a ------- the convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the adjoining bone. (A) Hinge joint (B) Condyloid joint (C) Saddle joint (D) None of above 22. The joint with the greatest range of motion is called the -------- --. (A) Ball and socket joint (B) Hinge joint (C) Saddle joint (D) Condyloid joint Ans A Diff Medium Page 363 23. Lateral flexion is the -------- of the neck or body toward the right or left side. (A) Blending (B) Fixing (C) Connecting (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 373 24. is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. (A) Friction (B) Abduction and adduction (C) Supination (D) Circumduction Ans D Diff Medium Page 374 25. are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot (intertarsal joints) and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint. (A) Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion (B) Protraction and Retraction (C) Depression and Elevation (D) Inversion and Eversion Ans D Diff Medium Page 374 26. The ............ is the joint that allows for opening (mandibular depression) and closing of the mouth. (A) Temporomandibular Joint (B) Glen humeral joint (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium 27. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is a --------------------. Page 377 (A) saddle joint (B) Candyloid joint (C) Hinge joint (D) Ball- and –socket joint Ans D Diff Medium 28. The elbow joint is a uniaxial--------- --. (A) Candyloid joint (B) Saddle joint (C) Ball and socket joint (D) Hinge joint Page 378 Ans A Diff Easy 29. The hip joint is a multiaxial ------------- (A) Ball and socket joint (B) Saddle joint (C) Hinge joint (D) Candyloid joint Page 380 Ans A Diff Easy 30. The knee joint is the --------- of the body. (A) Largest joint Page 382 (B) Smallest joint (C) Medium joint (D) None of above. Ans A Diff Easy Page 386 10. Muscle Tissue 1. A muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to a quality of muscle tissue called ………. . (A) Elasticity (B) Plasticity (C) Contractility (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 407 2 ............. fibers each have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit (A) Cardiac muscle (B) Skeletal muscle (C) Smooth muscle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 407 3. Skeletal muscles allow functions of ............. , to be under voluntary control (A) Swallowing (B) Urination (C) Defecation (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 407 4. Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the ………. (A) Perimysium (B) Endomysium (C) Mysia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 408 5. Skeletal muscle fibers can be quite large for human cells, with diameters up to 100 μm and lengths up to ………. . (A) 30 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 50 cm (D) 60 cm Ans A Diff Hard Page 408 6. The plasma membrane of muscle fibers is called the ……….. . (A) Sarcolemma (B) Sarcoplasm (C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 409 7. The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers is due to the arrangement of the myofilaments of …………… in sequential order from one end of the muscle fiber to the other (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Troponin (D) A and B Ans D Diff Medium Page 409 8. The motor neurons that tell the skeletal muscle fibers to contract originate in the spinal cord, with a smaller number located in the brainstem for activation of skeletal muscles of the ……….. . (A) Face (B) Head (C) Neck (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 412 9. Muscle contraction usually stops when signaling from the motor neuron ............ , which repolarizes the sarcolemma and T tubules, and closes the voltage-gated calcium channels in the SR (A) Initiates (B) Ends (C) Maintains (D) none of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 414 10. Glycolysis is an ............. that breaks down glucose (sugar) to produce ATP (A) Anaerobic process (B) Aerobic process (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 419 11 ................... is the breakdown of glucose or other nutrients in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (A) Aerobic respiration (B) Anaerobic respiration (C) Glycolysis (D) Assimilation Ans A Diff Hard Page 419 12. Muscle fatigue occurs when a muscle can no longer ........... in response to signals from the nervous system (A) Contract (B) Relax (C) Elongate (D) Shorten Ans A Diff Medium 13. The inputs for aerobic respiration include …………….. . (A) Glucose circulating in the bloodstream (B) Pyruvic acid (C) Fatty acids (D) All of above Page 420 Ans D Diff Hard Page 420 14. DMD is an inherited disorder caused by an abnormal …………. (A) X chromosome (B) Y chromosome (C) X and Y chromosome (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium 15. A ................. Involves the muscle shortening to move a load. (A) Concentric contraction (B) Eccentric contraction (C) Isometric contraction (D) All of above Page 421 Ans D Diff Easy 16. Neural control regulates ....................... Contractions (A) Concentric (B) Isometric (C) Eccentric (D) All of above Page 421 Ans D Diff Medium Page 422 17. The ideal length of a sarcomere to produce maximal tension occurs at .............. of its resting length, with 100 percent being the state where the medial edges of the thin filaments are just at the mostmedial myosin heads of the thick filaments (A) 80 to 120 % (B) 90 to 110 % (C) 100 to 120 % (D) 120 to 140 % Ans A Diff Medium Page 423 18. The rate at which a motor neuron fires action potentials affects the tension produced in the skeletal muscle. (A) Skeletal muscles (B) Nerve muscles (C) Smooth muscles (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 425 19. The absence of the low-level contractions that lead to muscle tone is referred to as ………. (A) Hypotonia (B) Hypertonia (C) Antonia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 426 20. Glycolytic fibers primarily create ATP through anaerobic glycolysis, which produces ........... ATP per cycle (A) Less (B) More (C) Equal (D) Abundant Ans A Diff Easy P age 427 21. Structural proteins are added to muscle fibers in a process called ………. (A) Hypertrophy (B) Atrophy (C) Sarcopenia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 428 22. Long-distance runners have a........... number of SO fibers (A) Large (B) Small (C) Few (D) More Ans A Diff Medium Page 428 23. Cellular damage to muscle fibers that occurs after intense exercise includes damage to the ………. . (A) Sarcolemma (B) Myofibrils (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C 24. Anabolic steroid use has been linked to ………. (A) Infertility (B) Aggressive behavior (C) Brain cancer (D) All of above Diff Hard Page 429 Ans D Diff Medium Page 430 25. Smooth muscle (so-named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of ………. . (A) Bladder (B) Uterus (C) Stomach (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 432 26. A dense body is analogous to the Z-discs of ................. and is fastened to the sarcolemma. (A) Skeletal muscle fibers (B) Cardiac muscle fibers (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 434 27. Smooth muscle tissue can regenerate from a type of stem cell called a pericyte, which is found in some ............. blood vessels. (A) Small (B) Large (C) Wavy (D) Irregular Ans A Diff Easy Page 436 28 means to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest (A) Depolarize (B) Demagnetize (C) Devolatilize (D) None of above Ans A 29 is the cytoplasm of muscle cell (A) Sarcolemma (B) Sarcoplasm (C) Sarcopenia (D) Sarcomere Diff Medium Page 437 Ans C 30 is the fusion of contractions to produce a continuous contraction (A) Tetanus (B) Rickets (C) Muscle tone (D) Muscle fatigue Diff Hard Page 439 Ans A Di ff Medium Page 440 11. The Muscular System 1. The muscular system allows us to ........... our body. (A) Move (B) Flex (C) Contort (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 445 2. The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s …….. . (A) Insertion (B) Origin (C) Flexion (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 446 3. Although a number of muscles may be involved in an action, the principal muscle involved is called the …………. (A) Prime mover (B) Agonist (C) Antagonist (D) A and B Ans D Diff Easy Page 446 4. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called ………. . (A) Agonist (B) Antagonist (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 446 5. There also are skeletal muscles in the ........... that allow for voluntary regulation of urination and defecation, respectively. (A) Tongue (B) External urinary (C) Sphincters (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 447 6. A pulled tendon, regardless of location, results in ………. (A) Pain (B) Swelling (C) Diminished function (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 447 7. Synovial fluid is a ............. film with the consistency of egg whites (A) Thin and viscous (B) Thick and viscous (C) Thin and non-viscous (D) Think and non-viscous (E) A Diff Medium Page 447 8. Parallel muscles have fascicles that are arranged in the .......... direction as the long axis of the muscle (A) Same (B) Different (C) Unique (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 448 9. The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that covers the …………. (A) Shoulder (B) Neck (C) Mouth (D) Elbow Ans A Diff Medium Page 448 10. The large muscle on the chest, the pectoralis major, is an example of a ........... muscle (A) Convergent (B) Divergent (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 448 11 .............. is the study of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the use of the word evolved over time (A) Etymology (B) Glossary (C) Bibliography (D) Nomenclature Ans A Diff Medium 12. Flexor muscles ........ the angle at the joint (A) Increase (B) Decrease (C) Increase and decrease (D) Neither increase nor decrease Page 450 Ans B Diff Medium Page 453 13. The physicians originally studying human anatomy thought the skull looked like ………. (A) Apple (B) Pomegranate (C) Banana (D) Orange Ans A Diff Easy Page 454 14. The .............. originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward (A) Genioglossus (B) Styloglossus (C) Palatoglossus (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 459 15. The suprahyoid muscles raise the ............ during deglutition (A) Hyoid bone (B) Floor of the mouth (C) Larynx (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 460 16. The head, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is ........... by the neck muscles (A) Balanced (B) Moved (C) Rotated (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 461 17. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originates there. This muscle divides the neck into ……. triangles when viewed from the side (A) Anterior (B) Posterior (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 461 18. The muscles of the ............. extend, flex, and stabilize different parts of the body’s trunk (A) Vertebral column (B) Thorax (C) Abdominal wall (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 464 19. If you injured your shoulder while you were kayaking, the first thing a physical therapist would do during your first visit is to assess the functionality of the ………. . (A) Joint (B) Bones (C) Muscles (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 467 20. When you inhale, your chest rises because the cavity …….. . (A) Increases in size (B) Decreases in size (C) Remains still (D) Moves a little Ans A Diff Hard Page 467 21. The principal role of the intercostal muscles is to assist in ........... by changing the dimensions of the rib cage (A) Breathing (B) Coughing (C) Sitting (D) Exercising Ans A Diff Hard Page 468 22. The ........ is the diamond-shaped space between the pubic symphysis (anteriorly), the coccyx (posteriorly), and the ischial tuberosities (laterally), lying just inferior to the pelvic diaphragm (A) Perineum (B) Lavatory (C) Coccyges (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 470 23. The forearm flexors include the ………. (A) Bicep brachii (B) Brachialis (C) Brachioradialis (D) All of the above Ans D Diff Medium Page 475 24. The ........... is the origin of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. (A) Palm (B) Forearm (C) Wrist (D) Fingers Ans A Diff Medium Page 478 25. The large and powerful muscles of the hip that move the femur generally originate on the …………. . (A) Pelvic girdle (B) Femur (C) Bones of knee joint (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 483 26. The most superficial and visible muscle of the calf is the …………. (A) Gastrocnemius (B) Plantaris (C) Soleus (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 489 27. The movement of the eyeball is under the control of the extrinsic eye muscles, which originate ………… the eye (A) Outside (B) Inside (C) Middle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 455 28. In anatomical terminology, chewing is called ………. . (A) Mastication (B) Masseter (C) Swallowing (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 457 29. Tongue is important for ………. . (A) Mastication (B) Deglutition (C) Speech (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 458 30. The superficial and deep muscles of the neck are responsible for …….. . (A) Moving the head (B) Cervical vertebrae (C) Scapulas (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 461 12. The Nervous S