Unit 5 Scie 326 Questions With 100% Correct Answers.

(U5O1) Describe the characteristics of "Pathological Science" - - Experimental effects observed are either very close to the extreme limits of detectability or require massive numbers of measurements because of extremely low statistical significance. - magnitude of observed effects seems to be independent of postulated causes, which are barely detectable. - accuracy of experiment claims to be exceptionally high - claimed results imply revolutionary theoretical consequences - Ad Hoc justifications and excuses counter all criticism of experimental technique - attracts as many supporters as critics. Hype will die down when flaws are discovered or cannot be reproduced. (U5) What are the 5 defining characteristics of Pseudoscience - 1. Static or randomly changing ideas. 2. Vague mechanisms to acquire understanding 3. Loosely connected thoughts 4. Lack of organized skepticism 5. Disregard of established results. (U5) Describe the characteristic of pseudoscience, "Static or randomly changing ideas" - Real science progresses and re-examines old information in new light when new information is introduced. In pseudoscience dogmatic ideas remain static and ideas come and go as they do not have a solid foundation in science. (U5) Describe the characteristic of pseudoscience, "Vague mechanism to acquire understanding." - Procedures are only caricatures of those found in actual science. Understandings may not be coherent with observations. Imagined understandings or vague connections. Proving something is correct by proving something is wrong.(U5) Describe the characteristic of pseudoscience, "Loosely connected thoughts" - Wide holes in logic or no logic at all. Use of technical sounding words and scientific jargon to boost "credibility" (U5) Describe the characteristic of pseudoscience, "Lack of organized skepticism." - New ideas are often presumed to be wrong unless proven right, but not in pseudoscience. Pseudoscientists are skeptical of well-established science and fact, but never for their own pseudoscience. Absence of critical thinking. (U5) Describe the characteristic of pseudoscience, "Disregard for Established results." - Pseudoscience reject foundation of well-established facts and results. Either isn't founded on a truthful body of knowledge or founded on foundation of its own design. Works in isolated groups, free from contact from the scientific community. (U5) Defining characteristics of "crackpot science." - Involves assertions blatantly contradicting well-established scientific fact. Ex. Flat earthers, UFO & abductions, Atlantis. May involve secrecy. Rejects science and asserts own beliefs. Bad data, speculations and extrapolations. (U5) Characteristics of Cargo Cult Phenomena - Appears when one imitates apparently successful behavior lacking the understanding and capacity of what is behind actual success. Ex. Parapsychology (hypnosis, telepathy). Science trying to establish itself as legitimate but on the edge of nonsense. (U5) What is the difference between "factual" and "functional" understanding. - Both arise from conceptual framework explanations. Factual understanding is a very confined version of functional understanding. It is logically coherent and open to confirmation by repeatable observations or experiments.Functional understanding requires that it leads to appropriate behavior. Ex. John Nash hallucinating about the Russians smuggling missiles (it works in his framework, but is not factual). Also asked those he knew to be real if others he perceived are real (factual). (U5) What is an Open Belief system? - Having a willingness to question basic assumptions and change or alter these assumptions to fit new evidence if there significant reason to do so. It is an awareness of different possibilities and the need to test these theories