Human Growth and Development |249 questions and answers.

Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment. The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is called SES Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. multifinality In lifespan developmental theories, significant developmental changes are thought to be largely complete by death The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the environment and experience, is part of multidimensional systems theories Human development involves changes in size, efficiency, and capacity that can be described as ____________change, and shifts in forms of thought and behavior that can be described as ______________ changes. quantitative/qualitative An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general population is called primary prevention The scientific usage of the word theory is best described as a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena. A natural experiment is not considered a true experiment because the researcher is not able to manipulate or control the variables. true A result of _____ interactions could be that children whose parents have rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relationships with their friends or peers. mesosystem According to the psychosexual theory of development, during the _____ stage children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. latent According to the psychosocial theory of development, during this stage the positive outcomes foster purpose and direction while negative outcomes encourage inhibition. initiative vs. guilt Experimentation is different from other types of research because it seeks to establish _____ through direct _____ of one or more variables. causation, manipulation Piaget described the process of a person's cognitive development through six distinct stages. False The Ecological Systems Theory developed by Albert Bandura has influenced developmental psychologists throughout the world. False The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social environment most closely coincides with _____'s theory of development, indicating that development is inseparable from social and cultural life. Vygotsky Vygotsky maintained that children actively construct their knowledge. True Watson emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development. True _____ posited that during the first 6 years of life, children develop ways to resolve conflicts between the desire for pleasure and the demands of reality. Freud Which stage of cognitive development is marked by a child's ability to employ logic, only with tangible objects and problems? Concrete operational Which of the psychosocial stages of development involves a positive outcome of wisdom and a negative outcome of disdain? integrity vs. despair _____ presented a model that emphasized the challenges and tasks presented across one's lifespan as key to understanding human development. Erickson _____ provide(s) a framework for the study of human development that furthers scientific vision and stimulates the application of science for public policy and social programs. Theories _____ research is an example of _____ research in which the characteristics being investigated are measured simultaneously across different age groups. Cross-sectional; descriptive _____'s _____ model argued that behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus would be more likely to recur and endure than that followed by a punishing consequence. Skinner; operant conditioning _____'s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up. Hall _____'s theory of _____ development describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally. Piaget; cognitive Bandura's model expanded the classical behavioral theory to include cognitive elements. True Which part of the brain controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone? cerebellum Expectant mothers who were less anxious and wanted their children tended to have _____. emotionally healthy children During the _____ years, children may not comprehend death, but they do experience a sense of sadness and loss. preschool Which of the following conditions has been found to be the result of the expectant mother smoking cigarettes? preeclampsia improperly attached placenta spina bifida mental retardation improperly attached placenta The fetus undergoes the most dramatic physical changes during the _____. first 8 weeks of life The _____ is one of the first visible structures in the developing fetus, and at birth it is developing neural paths for thriving babies. spinal cord At the _____ week of prenatal development, the baby is about the size of a cucumber, the lungs are beginning to form, and the baby can open and close his or her eyes. 28th The _____ period is a critical time during prenatal development, typically lasting from week 2 to week 8. embryonic During the _____ stage of grief, family members may seek out someone to blame for their loss. anger Around the _____ month of prenatal development, the unborn baby can share the mother's _____. sixth; emotions The fetus gains most of its weight during the _____ trimester. third Which of the following is the leading cause of mental retardation in babies? cocaine use by the father coinciding with the time of conception smoking by the expectant mother alcohol consumption by the expectant mother domestic abuse alcohol consumption by the expectant mother At week _____ of prenatal development, the baby's head is half the size of the body and the baby is flipping and moving inside the mother's womb. 16