Human Growth & Development Exam #1 (Ch 1-4)| 502 questions with 100% correct answers.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? Select all that apply: - There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability & enhanced potential. - There is a crisis that must be resolved. Piaget's ______ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing. sensorimotor Vygotsky maintained that development ______. is inseparable from social & cultural influences One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories. cognitive Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? - it states that social interaction plays a large role - it states that we organize our experiences & adapt to changes - it consists of 4 stages - it consists of 8 stages - it states that we organize our experiences & adapt to changes - it consists of 4 stages In Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age, children are able to represent the world in their minds, but cannot yet mentally represent actions. preoperational Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______. continuity in development According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage. Erikson According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods. ethologists Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? (Select all that apply.) - culture - internalized mental actions - formal operations - social interaction - culture - social interaction Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems? Bronfenbrenner Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Select all that apply.) - Piaget's developmental theory - Erikson's psychosocial theory - Information-processing theory - Vygotsky's sociocultural theory - Piaget's developmental theory - Erikson's psychosocial theory - Vygotsky's sociocultural theory According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another. qualitatively Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that ______. develop does not occur in a stage-like fashion The ______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. ethological Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? - microsystem - biosystem - mesosystem - macrosystem - exosystem - chronosystem - microsystem - mesosystem - macrosystem - exosystem - chronosystem According to Bronfenbrenner, the environmental system in which the most direct interaction with social agents takes place is the ______. microsystem In Bronfenbrenner's theory, relations between contexts, such as whether an employer is supportive of a college student's school obligations, is known as the ______. mesosystem Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an ______ approach to life-span development. eclectic theoretical orientation In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely ______. observational research Shelby lives with his older sister and parents. He attends school in his community and relates to friends in school and in his neighborhood. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, this describes his ______. microsystem A(n) ______ environment is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent. laboratory According to Bronfenbrenner, parents who are involved in their children's education and attend parent-teacher conferences are engaged in which environmental system? mesosystem The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation. eclectic Observing behavior in a real-world situation is a research method called ______ observation. naturalistic Dr. Ramirez has decided to send out 3,000 questionnaires asking people to self-report on their television-viewing habits. What type of research is this? survey research A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ______ research. observational A ______ test has uniform procedures for administration and scoring. standardized What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study? laboratory research The observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as observation. naturalistic Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs? standardized research Dr. Mokrani meets with parents one at a time to ask them about their thoughts on discipline. What type of research is this? interview research What is the goal of descriptive research? to observe & record behaviors A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach. cross-sectional What type of research involves studying the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more? longitudinal People who were teenagers during the Great Depression are bound to differ from people who were teenagers in the 1990s; what could this fact produce in a research study? co-hort effects type of research that aims to observe & record behavior descriptive type of research that aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave correlational type of research that aims to understand causality experimental Austin is a twenty year old college student who falls asleep nightly with his cell phone laying on his night stand. Austin is identified as a member of the ___________ generation. millenial ethical principle where: Participants must have information on the costs & benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw. informed consent ethical principle where: Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous. confidentiality ethical principle where: Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study & methods used once their participation has ended. debriefing ethical principle where: For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior & alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed. deception Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of _______. a cross-sectional study Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was two, again when she was five, and will be tested every 3 years until she is 14. What kind of study is Tamara participating in? longitudinal When conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of ___________ effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in research concerned with age. co-hort The largest generation to enter late adulthood in the United States are called __________. baby boomers Which of the following statements is true in regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university? an institutional review board must approve a study prior to its implementation ______ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to other people who have lived the same amount of time. psychological The ______ period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years. middle & late childhood Rajiv is 21 years old, and is very much still exploring and experimenting with his identity. He is most likely in the stage of ______ adulthood. emerging