INC4803
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Summarised study notes
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DISCLAIMER & TERMS OF USE
1. Educational Aid: These study notes are designed to serve as educational aids and should not be considered as a
substitute for individual research, critical thinking, or professional guidance. Students are encouraged to
conduct their own extensive research and consult with their instructors or academic advisors for specific
assignment requirements.
2. Personal Responsibility: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
information provided in these study notes, the seller cannot guarantee the completeness or correctness of all
the content. It is the responsibility of the buyer to verify the accuracy of the information and use their own
judgment when applying it to their assignments.
3. Academic Integrity: It is crucial for students to uphold academic integrity and adhere to their institution's
policies and guidelines regarding plagiarism, citation, and referencing. These study notes should be used as a
tool for learning and inspiration, but any direct reproduction of the content without proper acknowledgment and
citation may constitute academic misconduct.
4. Limited Liability: The seller of these study notes shall not be held liable for any direct or indirect damages,
losses, or consequences arising from the use of the notes. This includes, but is not limited to, poor grades,
academic penalties, or any other negative outcomes resulting from the application or misuse of the information
provided.
,QUESTION 1
1.1. Describe ten (10) principles underlying the learning theory cycle.
• Learning should be related to and use the learner’s experience and
knowledge.
• Learning is not only a basic capability but is comprised of a group of
necessary skills which can be developed, learned and perfected.
• Facts, concepts and skills are acquired in different ways.
• Getting ideas which are wrong can be a valuable aid to developing
understanding.
• Learners need to know where they are going and have a sense of progress
towards
• Learners have to participate actively, meaningfully and productively in the
• learning process
• their objectives.
• The learning environment has to be one of true respect, openness and
acceptance
• of differences.
• Being aware of and owning the responsibility for learning lies solely with the
• learner himself/herself. Others’ role is that of giving valuable information and
• support, and providing feedback.
• For learning to be processed and assimilated, time must be allowed for
reflection.
• Effective learning depends on and is also influenced by realistic, objective and
• constructive feedback.
1.2. Explain any three (3) types of non-verbal communication that you have
learnt
and show how you can use them in your classroom to maintain discipline.
Eye contact
Eye contact in the classroom is fundamental. It helps the teacher to get closer to his
or her students, to understand them and to make them feel involved in what`s going
on in the classroom. There are two types of eye contact that the teacher often uses
in class. One is looking around and it can be used to get students attention, to
encourage students to thinking carefully and to find students who get or nearly get
answer so as to look attentively. When the teacher criticize the students bad
behaviour his or her eyesight should put on the triangle part of the students face. By
doing that the teacher will be impressed as serious careful and honest.In return it
makes them feel important and it also helps to hold their attention. By having eye
,contact you as the teacher show that you are present and in tune with the needs of
the students. You as the teacher will also decern through means of eye contact
when a learner needs assistance, feel confused or for any other reason.
Facial expressions
The teacher should be aware how he or she show feelings and emotions through
facial expressions. Their mood can deeply influence the learners feelings in a
positive or negative way. Facial expressions can be an effective way to create a
motivating environment in the classroom. For example, a warm smile can make the
students more comfortable, keen to participate actively in the lesson and create a
positive atmosphere. A teachers facial expression can show that have interest in
what the learner is saying which is very encouraging. If the teacher smile frequently
she or he will be perceived as more likeable, friendly, warm and approachable.
• Gestures and mime
In the classroom teachers should make use of gestures and mime. It can be used in
many different situations, in particular, when manage the class, to increase or
decrease the pace of the lesson and to reduce teacher talk time. Learners not only
focus on that teachers verbally saying but also what they are doing. The teacher
should know the power of body language as means of non-communication purposes.
Through making use of gestures the teacher adds an element of visual interest to the
lesson. Gestures should be always clear and easy to understand, and the teacher
should consider the cultural background of the students to avoid embarrassing
situations.
QUESTION 2
2.1. You are a Departmental Head of the Foundation Phase educators.
Demonstrate
by giving practical examples how to use the following ways of communication
to
improve learner performance in the classrooms.
a. Communicating on learners’ level
Communicating on learners’ level One should try to communicate in an
informal way. Informal communication enhances active participation because
learners do not feel intimidated.
b. Communicating with respect
Communicate with respect A teacher should communicate with respect in the
classroom with learners so that he/she can receive respect from those
, learners. Below are the ways that teachers and learners can demonstrate
respect in the classroom:
• Use a tone that is honest and tactful. This implies choosing words that are
appropriate to that situation and are not demeaning.
• If one takes a listening role, one should always maintain eye contact and
focus on the speaker.
• Put the message across in different ways. Verbal communication is essential
in a classroom, yet learners fail to hear and understand it the first time. One
should also apply different techniques and tactics in communication. If one
wants to make a point, one must consider which visual tools can help one in
addition to verbal communication. Charts with graphics can help learners to
remember what they were being taught. In a lecture situation, hand-outs can
play that role of helping students to remember. What is important is to give
learners something to do that reflects the idea one is communicating
Check for understanding. Teachers should strive to check learners’
understanding. When checking learners’ understanding, ask them to write
down what they think the lesson/lecture was all about. Learners can repeat
the main point or outcome of the lesson during a one-on-one conversation
c. Face -to-face communication
Face-to-face communication People of all ages find this way of
communication very useful. When one makes eye contact with one’s learners,
he/she is signalling that he/she is thinking learners are very important and
deserving of his/her attention. This type of communication is two-directional –
the teacher communicates to learners and learners in return reply or
communicates back to the teacher
d. Youth expression/slang
Youth expressions/slang If one is a teacher, one should endeavour to
familiarise oneself with youth expressions and slang. Even if a teacher does
not necessarily communicate using youth lingo, one should allow and
encourage learners to sometimes communicate that way as long as the
language is appropriate
e. Being patient
If a learner is trying by all means to tell you something that may be difficult or
painful, be patient and do not interrupt so that he/she can pour out his/her
heart. Finishing his/her sentence or interjecting one’s opinion before it is
solicited for, may put one in a dilemma of never finding out what was on the
learner’s mind.
2.2 WhatsApp is one of the various means of communication available for
educators/lecturers to communicate with their learners/students. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of using WhatsApp for teaching and learning
EXAM PACK
Recent exam questions and answers
Summarised study notes
Exam tips and guidelines
DISCLAIMER & TERMS OF USE
1. Educational Aid: These study notes are designed to serve as educational aids and should not be considered as a
substitute for individual research, critical thinking, or professional guidance. Students are encouraged to
conduct their own extensive research and consult with their instructors or academic advisors for specific
assignment requirements.
2. Personal Responsibility: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
information provided in these study notes, the seller cannot guarantee the completeness or correctness of all
the content. It is the responsibility of the buyer to verify the accuracy of the information and use their own
judgment when applying it to their assignments.
3. Academic Integrity: It is crucial for students to uphold academic integrity and adhere to their institution's
policies and guidelines regarding plagiarism, citation, and referencing. These study notes should be used as a
tool for learning and inspiration, but any direct reproduction of the content without proper acknowledgment and
citation may constitute academic misconduct.
4. Limited Liability: The seller of these study notes shall not be held liable for any direct or indirect damages,
losses, or consequences arising from the use of the notes. This includes, but is not limited to, poor grades,
academic penalties, or any other negative outcomes resulting from the application or misuse of the information
provided.
,QUESTION 1
1.1. Describe ten (10) principles underlying the learning theory cycle.
• Learning should be related to and use the learner’s experience and
knowledge.
• Learning is not only a basic capability but is comprised of a group of
necessary skills which can be developed, learned and perfected.
• Facts, concepts and skills are acquired in different ways.
• Getting ideas which are wrong can be a valuable aid to developing
understanding.
• Learners need to know where they are going and have a sense of progress
towards
• Learners have to participate actively, meaningfully and productively in the
• learning process
• their objectives.
• The learning environment has to be one of true respect, openness and
acceptance
• of differences.
• Being aware of and owning the responsibility for learning lies solely with the
• learner himself/herself. Others’ role is that of giving valuable information and
• support, and providing feedback.
• For learning to be processed and assimilated, time must be allowed for
reflection.
• Effective learning depends on and is also influenced by realistic, objective and
• constructive feedback.
1.2. Explain any three (3) types of non-verbal communication that you have
learnt
and show how you can use them in your classroom to maintain discipline.
Eye contact
Eye contact in the classroom is fundamental. It helps the teacher to get closer to his
or her students, to understand them and to make them feel involved in what`s going
on in the classroom. There are two types of eye contact that the teacher often uses
in class. One is looking around and it can be used to get students attention, to
encourage students to thinking carefully and to find students who get or nearly get
answer so as to look attentively. When the teacher criticize the students bad
behaviour his or her eyesight should put on the triangle part of the students face. By
doing that the teacher will be impressed as serious careful and honest.In return it
makes them feel important and it also helps to hold their attention. By having eye
,contact you as the teacher show that you are present and in tune with the needs of
the students. You as the teacher will also decern through means of eye contact
when a learner needs assistance, feel confused or for any other reason.
Facial expressions
The teacher should be aware how he or she show feelings and emotions through
facial expressions. Their mood can deeply influence the learners feelings in a
positive or negative way. Facial expressions can be an effective way to create a
motivating environment in the classroom. For example, a warm smile can make the
students more comfortable, keen to participate actively in the lesson and create a
positive atmosphere. A teachers facial expression can show that have interest in
what the learner is saying which is very encouraging. If the teacher smile frequently
she or he will be perceived as more likeable, friendly, warm and approachable.
• Gestures and mime
In the classroom teachers should make use of gestures and mime. It can be used in
many different situations, in particular, when manage the class, to increase or
decrease the pace of the lesson and to reduce teacher talk time. Learners not only
focus on that teachers verbally saying but also what they are doing. The teacher
should know the power of body language as means of non-communication purposes.
Through making use of gestures the teacher adds an element of visual interest to the
lesson. Gestures should be always clear and easy to understand, and the teacher
should consider the cultural background of the students to avoid embarrassing
situations.
QUESTION 2
2.1. You are a Departmental Head of the Foundation Phase educators.
Demonstrate
by giving practical examples how to use the following ways of communication
to
improve learner performance in the classrooms.
a. Communicating on learners’ level
Communicating on learners’ level One should try to communicate in an
informal way. Informal communication enhances active participation because
learners do not feel intimidated.
b. Communicating with respect
Communicate with respect A teacher should communicate with respect in the
classroom with learners so that he/she can receive respect from those
, learners. Below are the ways that teachers and learners can demonstrate
respect in the classroom:
• Use a tone that is honest and tactful. This implies choosing words that are
appropriate to that situation and are not demeaning.
• If one takes a listening role, one should always maintain eye contact and
focus on the speaker.
• Put the message across in different ways. Verbal communication is essential
in a classroom, yet learners fail to hear and understand it the first time. One
should also apply different techniques and tactics in communication. If one
wants to make a point, one must consider which visual tools can help one in
addition to verbal communication. Charts with graphics can help learners to
remember what they were being taught. In a lecture situation, hand-outs can
play that role of helping students to remember. What is important is to give
learners something to do that reflects the idea one is communicating
Check for understanding. Teachers should strive to check learners’
understanding. When checking learners’ understanding, ask them to write
down what they think the lesson/lecture was all about. Learners can repeat
the main point or outcome of the lesson during a one-on-one conversation
c. Face -to-face communication
Face-to-face communication People of all ages find this way of
communication very useful. When one makes eye contact with one’s learners,
he/she is signalling that he/she is thinking learners are very important and
deserving of his/her attention. This type of communication is two-directional –
the teacher communicates to learners and learners in return reply or
communicates back to the teacher
d. Youth expression/slang
Youth expressions/slang If one is a teacher, one should endeavour to
familiarise oneself with youth expressions and slang. Even if a teacher does
not necessarily communicate using youth lingo, one should allow and
encourage learners to sometimes communicate that way as long as the
language is appropriate
e. Being patient
If a learner is trying by all means to tell you something that may be difficult or
painful, be patient and do not interrupt so that he/she can pour out his/her
heart. Finishing his/her sentence or interjecting one’s opinion before it is
solicited for, may put one in a dilemma of never finding out what was on the
learner’s mind.
2.2 WhatsApp is one of the various means of communication available for
educators/lecturers to communicate with their learners/students. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of using WhatsApp for teaching and learning
