Fitness and Wellness Final Exam questions and answers well illustrated.

Fitness and Wellness Final Exam questions and answers well illustrated. What does it mean when a person's BMI is above 25? - correct answers.Overweight: Having a BMI of 25 to 29. Or, having body weight above 10% of recommended levels. What factors contribute to college students staying healthier than other areas of the population? (6) - correct answers.1. College students tend to be younger, 2. more educated, 3. more likely to exercise, 4. and more socioeconomically advantaged, 5. thus more likely to have better health coverage, 6. they typically experience fewer health problems than the general population. Best weight loss success--- result of what? (4) - correct answers.1.Learn from successful weight maintainers 2.Balance your energy equation. 3. Establish a regular exercise program. 4. Modify your behavior and attitudes for long-term weight change. successful weight maintainers (4) - correct answers.1. Maintain a physically active lifestyle. 2. Instill regular eating patterns. 3. Have awareness of appetite triggers. 4. Develop tools for coping and dealing with stress. What is energy balance? - correct answers.Amount of calories consumed relative to the amount expended. Negative caloric balance - correct d more calories than consumed; lose weight Positive caloric balance - correct d less calories than consume; gain weight Isocaloric balance - correct d and consume approx. same # of calories; maintain weight Energy imbalance is common in America due to: - correct answers.1. Overconsumption 2. Too little exercise 3. Genes, age, and other biological factors 4. Lifestyle choices What dietary factors are making humans fat? - correct to diets high in processed fats, meats, sugars, and refined starches combined with more sedentary lifestyles. Why do we overeat? - correct answers.Societal factors: portion distortion, constant availability of food, advertising, and price. What is metabolic rate? - correct olism slows with age over time, so food intake must also diminish. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - correct ine rate of energy use, dictated by your body's collective metabolic activities. (the rate at which your body consumes food energy to sustain basic functions) you want a high BMR Resting metabolic rate (RMR): - correct answers.BMR + energy expended in digesting food Higher than BMR Define Muscle Wasting - correct breaks down muscle tissue for energy when fat stores are low. -when underweight What can Muscle Wasting lead to? - correct answers.Can lead to weakness and declining ability to exercise or do daily tasks. Gaining weight can... - correct ase risk of CVD, diabetes and others chronic disease b/c of inflammation. What can you tell from a person's body weight? - correct answers.1. Affects life expectancy. 2. Can promote or diminish fitness. 3. Can influence risks for chronic diseases Cancers linked to high BMI (13) - correct answers.1. Prostate 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Esophagus 5. Pancreas 6. Kidney 7. Gallbladder 8. Ovary 9. Cervix 10. Liver 11. Breast 12. Uterus 13. stomach What is metabolic syndrome? - correct answers.A condition marked by high blood pressure, cholesterol, and abdominal fat deposits, large waste circumference, along with insulin resistance. It increases chronic disease risks related to inflammation, an immune reaction. What causes eating disorders? - correct rbed patterns of eating, dieting, and perceptions of body image that have psychological, environmental, and possibly genetic underpinnings that result in serious medical problems and are long lasting. 15. Define stress - correct answers.A physical, social, or psychological event that disrupts the body's normal state and that the body tries to adapt to. 16. Define stressor - correct answers.Any event or circumstance that the body tries to adapt to; may be threatening, unfamiliar, disturbing, or exciting. 17. Define eustress. - correct answers.Positive stress (can be motivating) Opportunity for personal growth, satisfaction, and enhanced well-being. Ex) entering college, starting new job, new relationship Distress: - correct answers.Negative stress (can reduce wellness) Overload of positive stressors Define fight or flight -- physical responses - correct body reaches a heightened state of stress-related readiness to either flee from or confront a threat. Increases: hearing ability/ senses, pupils dilate, perspiration, respiration, HR &BP, blood flow to muscles, blood clotting Decrease: digestive system, urine production, immune system 19. What is G A S? - correct answers.General Adaptation Syndrome A model of stress reaction based on the idea of homeostasis: a state of physiological equilibrium. Credited with recognizing that sustained stress takes a toll on wellness. Stages of G A S? (3) - correct answers.1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion Stages of G A S? Alarm: - correct sor disrupts body's stability Stages of G A S? Resistance: - correct adjusts to stressor Stages of G A S? Exhaustion: - correct runs out of resources for adjusting to stressor 1. Resulting in psychological harm—reduced immunity and increased susceptibility to physical or mental illness. What is psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) - correct ce of the interaction between the mind and the immune system. (Relationship between the minds response to stress and the immune system's ability to function effectively.) *Psychological Stressors (8) - correct answers.1. Change 2. Hassles 3. Demands 4. Goals 5. Conflict 6. Overload 7. Burnout 8. Cultural differences *Environmental Stressors (6) - correct answers.1. Traffic 2. Crowding 3. High prices 4. Crime 5. Noise 6. Pollution *Internal sources of stress - correct answers.1. Low self-esteem (sense of positive self-regard) 2. Low self-efficacy (confidence in personal skills) 3. Having a "Type A" personality *How to decrease performance demands - correct answers.Setting priorities and realistic deadlines What is burnout? - correct ieved overload; state of stress-induced physical and mental exhaustion. Describe Type A personality. (3) - correct answers.a. Hard-driving, competitive, time-driven perfectionist b. More prone to heart attacks c. Most people are not just one personality type *Negative effects of stress (3) - correct answers.a. Cardiovascular disease risks, including heart rate, blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. b. Immune system function impairment. Too much stress over a long period can negatively regulate cellular immune responses. c. Mental disability, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Who does CVD kill more of in a year? - correct *Cardiovascular disease men (4) - correct answers.1. Men are at greater risk until age 60 2. tend to develop heart disease 10-15yrs earlier 3. While having heart attack they experience classic "squeezing sensation" 4. More likely to have heart attacks *Cardiovascular disease women (4) - correct are at greater risk after menopause. 2. rarely have heart attacks before menopause; but show rates of CVD 2 or 3x higher after menopause than before. 3. less likely to feel symptoms 4. More likely to have strokes *What is myocardial infarction? - correct answers."heart attack"; permanent damage to an area of the heart muscle after its normal blood supply had been blocked. *Behaviors that increase risk of cardiovascular disease (4) - correct answers.1. Smoking 2. poor-diet 3. lack of exercise 4. and high BMI Describe physical appearance of healthy arterial walls - correct g and elastic with a long barrow opening, clear & free-flowing What is plaque - correct int areas of accumulation What does plaque do? - correct answers.1. Increase plaque buildup due to elevated cholesterol 2. hardening of arteries 3. alterations in heart rhythm 4. increased fluctuating BP 5. clogs arteries and reduces blood flow Systolic Pressure- 1st # - correct answers.Pressure being applied to the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts, pumping blood to the rest of the body Diastolic Pressure- 2nd # - correct answers.Pressure being applied to the walls of the arteries during hearts relaxation phase. Angina Pectoris - correct pain due to ischemia, or reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle and surrounding tissues. slight indigestion to feeling that heart is being crushed. Angina - correct or discomfort; feeling of suffocation. It may feel like pressure or a squeezing. Congestive heart failure (CHF) - correct muscle is damaged or overworked, the pumping chambers are often taxed to the limit, and heart lacks strength to keep blood circulating normally through body. Greatest risk factor for cardiovascular disease (12) - correct answers.1. Tobacco use**** 2. Excessive alcohol use 3. Poor nutrition 4. African American 5. Men are at greater risk until age 60; women are at greater risk after menopause. 6. Hypertension (high blood pressure) 7. High blood fat levels 8. Overweight and obesity 9. Physical inactivity 10. Diabetes 11. Metabolic syndrome (obesity-related risks) 12. Stress Osteoporosis - correct ic degenerative bone disease characterized by diminished bone mass and porous brittle bones. Diabetes - correct the inability to properly produce or utilize insulin Type 1 Diabetes - correct answers.1. Autoimmune disease that destroys the pancreas's ability to produce insulin. 2. Genetic basis; often develops in childhood/adolescence. Type 2 Diabetes - correct answers.1. Causes the body to lose its ability to respond to insulin or regulate blood sugar 2. May be positively affected by changes in diet and lifestyle How to control Diabetes - correct answers.Some are able to control their BS by losing weight, following a prescribed healthy diet, exercising regularly, taking medications, and paying attention to risk factors Symptoms of Diabetes - correct answers.1. Excessive thirst 2. Frequent urination 3. Hunger 4. Fatigue 5. Slow wound healing or frequent infections. Diseases caused by smoking? (4) - correct answers.a. Lung cancer b. COPD c. emphysema d. chronic bronchitis Asthma attack triggers... - correct answers.Allergies can trigger asthma and contribute to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Osteoporosis (4) - correct answers.A chronic, degenerative disease marked by thinning, brittle bones. i. Over half of Americans over 50 have the disease or early signs of it. iii. Develops gradually over a period of years.