WGU D027 pathopharm Exam Questions with correct Answers

Mechanism of Action for loop diuretics - Answer- block water reasborption in the loop of Henle of nephron. Increases urine output Suffix for loop - Answer- -emide ex: furosemide cautions in using loop diuretics - Answer- decreased potassium, decreased BP, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity USE WITH CAUTION in those who have auditory/renal impairments Suffix for Thiazide Diuretics - Answer- -thiazide MOA for thiazide diuretics - Answer- blood water reabsorption in distal tube of nephron-- increases urine output adverse drug reactions for thiazide diuretics - Answer- decreases potassium, increases uric acid, increases calcium AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney disease Contraindicator for thiazide diuretics - Answer- those with sulfa allergies, contains sulfa group in molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to increase of uric acid Aldosterone antagonists MOA - Answer- inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium loss in the nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is retained (potassium sparing diuretic) example of an aldosterone antagonist - Answer- Spironolactone adverse drug reactions for aldosterone antagonists - Answer- high potassium, androgen blocking (blocks testosterone and causes estrogen effects) beta blocker examples - Answer- Propranolol (Inderal) Metroprolol (Lopressor/Toprol XL) Atenolol (Tenormin) Carvedilol (Coreg) MOA of beta blockers - Answer- block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors (cause cholinergic effects) result in low HR and Low BP Contraindicators for beta blockers - Answer- chronic respiratory conditions (particularly for beta 2 blockers) HR 60 bpm disguises hypoglycemia symptoms What does angiotensin 2 do? - Answer- angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and secretion of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of sodium/water in the nephrons angiotensin 2 converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) suffix and MOA - Answer- suffix: -pril example: lisinopril MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, therefor prevents water reabsorption decreases cardiac workload decreases BP Adverse drug reactions for ACE inhibitors - Answer- high potassium, angioedema, dry cough Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) suffix and MOA - Answer- suffix: sartan example: losartan MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor sites, which then prevents reabsorption of water and vasoconstriction leads to lower BP Adverse drug reactions of ARBS - Answer- high potassium, angioedema prefix of cardiac glycosides - Answer- "dig" ex: digoxin MOA of cardiac glycosides - Answer- block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB does not lower blood pressure, only HR FYIs for cardiac glycosides - Answer- measure HR, hold if 60bpm sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance, chest palpitations