Electrolytes NUR 155 Galen exam questions and answers

Isotonic when the concentration of two solutions is the same Hypovolemic/ hypertonic Less fluid, more patricles Hypervolemic hypotonic More fluid, less particles Osmosis The movement of water molecules from a less concentrated area to a more concentrated area in an attempt to equalize the concentration of solutions on two sides of the membrane Filtration Fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Diffusion The movement of molecules through a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Inteacellular Fluid With in cells 2/3 of total body fluid extracellular fluid Outside of cell 1/3 of total body fluids Intravascular or interstitial intravascular fluid blood plasma Intracellulat and extracelluar fluids carry.. Oxygen from lungs, dissolved nutrients from GI, excretory products like CO2, and charged particles, Ions. Electrolytes conduct electricity measured in milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L) or milligrams per 100 milliliter (mg/100mL) ECF composition Mostly sodium, chloride, bicarbonate (Some cats bite) ICF Compostion Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate (Pikachu, magmar, Pikachu, sciszor) arginine vasopressin major physiological function is the control of water homeostasis. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system compensatory process that leads to increased blood pressure and blood volume to ensure perfusion of the kidneys; important in the continual regulation of blood pressure atrial netriuretic peptide (or factor) - mech atrial distention -- release ANP from atrial wall -- inhibit Na and water reabsorption in collecting ducts (diurese), also vasodilates Kidneys Primary regulator of body fluids and electrolyte balance. Controls reabsorption of water and excretion as urine. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulated Regulates water excretion from the kidneys. When serum osmolality rises, ADH increases permeability of ducts to allow more water to be absorbed into the blood stream thus diluting body fluids. Antiduretic hormone (ADH) inhibiting When serum osmolality decreases, ADH Is suppressed and ducts become less permeable and water excretion increases thus osmolality can return to balance. Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L Hyponatremia 135 hypernatremia 145 Sodium Regulation Kidney reabsorption or excretion Aldosterone increase is the sodium reabsorption in collecting duct of nephrons Sodium function Regulating ECF volume and distribution. Maintaining blood volume. Transmitting nerve impulses and contracting muscles. Foods that contain sodium Bacon, ham, processed cheese, and table salt Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Hypokalemia 3.5 hyperkalemia 5 Potassium regulation Renal excretion. Aldosterone increases potassium excretion. Movement into and out of cells. Insulin helps move potassium into cells; tissue damage and acidosis to shift potassium out of cells into fluids Potassium function Maintain intracellular fluid osmolality. Transmitting nerve and other electrical impulses. cardiac impulses and muscle contraction. Skeletal and smooth muscle function. Regulate acid-base balance Calcium regulation Redistribution between bones and extracellular fluid. Parathyroid hormone and Calcitrol increase serum calcium levels; calcitonin decreases serum calcium levels Calcium function Former bones and teeth. Transmit nerve impulses. Regulate muscle contraction. Maintain cardiac pacemaker automaticity. Blood clotting. Magnesium regulation Conservation and excretion by kidneys. Intestinal absorption increased by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone Magnesium functions Intra-cellular metabolism. Operate sodium - potassium pump. Relaxing muscle contractions. Transmit nerve impulses. Regulate cardiac function. Chloride regulation Excreted in reabsorbed along with sodium and kidneys. Aldosterone increases chloride reabsorption with sodium. Conversely linked Sodium and chloride Chloride function HCl production. Regulating extracellular fluid balance and vascular volume. Regulate acid base balance. Buffer in oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange in red blood cells Phosphate regulation Excretion of ribs or passion along with sodium and kidneys. Parathyroid hormone decreases blood levels by increasing renal excretion. Reciprocal relationship with calcium Inverse relationship Increasing serum calcium decreases phosphate levels; decreasing serum calcium increases phosphate Phosphate function Forming bones and teeth. Metabolize carbohydrates, proteins, fats. Cellular metabolism; ATP and DNA. Muscles, nerves, red blood cell function. Regulate acid base balance. Regulate calcium levels Bicarbonate regulation Excretion and ribs option by kidneys. Re-generated by kidneys. Major body buffer involved in acid-base regulation Potassium rich foods Avocado, carrot, potato, tomato, spinach, beef, cod, pork, real, dried fruits, banana, apricot, kind a lip, orange, milk, orange juice, apricot. One cannot be corrected without the other Magnesium Must be corrected before potassium levels will be affected Physical manifestation of excess fluid Jugular vein while sitting up Average fluid intake for adult ml per day Average daily fluid output for an adult Urine: 1500 Sweat, feces, insensible losses rest in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) In response to serum osmolality, kidneys retain or excrete water to balance concentrates. High osmolality: retain water to dilute concentration. Low osmolality: excrete water to increase concentrate. Renin angiotensin aldosterone Releases aldosterone, aldosterone promotes sodium retention by kidneys. increases blood volume through sodium and water retention Atrial natural red X factor Promotes sodium wasting and acts as potent diuretic decrease blood volume. Inhibits thirst, reducing fluid intake. Electrolytes are important for Maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid base regulation, facilitating enzyme reactions, transmitting neuromuscular reactions. Potassium Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle activity. Acid-base balance maintenance. Intracellular enzyme reaction. Must be ingested daily: avocado beef banana milk Sodium Control and regulate water balance. Chloride and water refilled with it. Found in bacon, ham, processed cheese, tablesaw. Calcium Stored in skeletal system. Regulates neuromuscular function, muscle contraction and relaxation, cardiac function. Absorbed/reabsorbed between bones and ECF. Osteoporosis With increasing age, absorption is less effective and more calcium is excreted through kidneys. Calcium shifts from bones to replace ECF losses, increasing risk of fractures. Calcium food Milk, milk products, dark leafy green vegetables, salmon. Vitamin D helps absorption Magnesium Found in the skeleton and ICF. Intracellular metabolism produces a TPA and DNA synthesis. Regulates neuromuscular in cardiac function. Important to its with cardiac dysfunction Magnesium rich foods Cereals, nuts fruits legumes really vegetables and dairy products meat and fish Chloride Conversely related to sodium to regulate serum osmolality and blood volume. When sodium is reabsorbed into the kidneys chloride usually follows. Major component of gastric juice. Regulate acid-base balance. Buffer in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Phosphate Found in bones skeletal muscle nerve tissue. Double the rate of newborns than adults. Due to increased growth demand. Functioning of muscles, nerves, RBC. Metabolism of protein, fat, carbohydrates. Absorb from intestine, found in meat, fish, poultry, milk products, legumes. Bicarbonate Regulates acid base balance and bodies buffering system. Kidneys regulate extra chili or by car excreted when she watches present. If more is needed kidneys or generate an reabsorbed by car. Unlike electrolytes that must be concerned and I are up at method by carbs are produced in Melbourne metabolic process Buffers Prevent excessive changes in pH by burning with releasing hydrogen ions Acid Substance that releases hydrogen ions in a solution Bases Alkalis, have low hydrogen ion concentration and can except hydrogen ions in solution Organs maintaining pH Lungs and kidneys excreting or retaining acids and bases as needed