ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGING PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS 12TH EDITION By RICKY W - Test Bank

True / False 1. Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organizational itself. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. Even though humans behave in organizations, such conduct occurs independently of the environment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Organizational behavior is a designated business function just like marketing and accounting. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. Developing new corporate goals that involve acquiring new businesses is part of the planning function. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. Organizing is the process of designing jobs and establishing patterns of authority. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. Leading is the process of setting deadlines and making plans to achieve goals. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. The controlling function includes monitoring organizational behavior and taking corrective action when needed. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. The ability to think in the abstract comes from a manager's conceptual skills. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. Managers use their interpersonal skills to understand cause-and-effect relationships. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. A system is an interrelated set of elements that function as a whole. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. An organizational system receives inputs from the environment, combines and transforms them, and then returns them to the environment. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 12. A systems perspective keeps managers focused on both internal and environmental processes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 13. In organizations, most situations and outcomes are contingent; that is, the precise relationship between any two variables is likely to be dependent on other variables. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 14. Over time, organizational behavior has gradually shifted from a situational perspective to a universal perspective. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 15. The organizational system has four basic categories of input from its environment: technological, financial, material, and human. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 16. The situational perspective is illustrated by the notion that the relationship between workers' skill levels and their performance levels is dependent on their degree of loyalty. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 17. Interactionalism attempts to explain how people select, interpret, and change various situations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 18. Cohesiveness can be measured at the individual and organizational levels. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 19. A manager who pays workers high wages may increase workers' satisfaction, but may also lower important organizational-level outcomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 20. Technology is used to transform inputs into outputs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 21. From a universal perspective, managers try to identify the possible ways to solve problems based on organizational conditions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 22. The successful application of organizational behavior principles can reduce a company’s rates of turnover and absenteeism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 23. The study of organizational behavior involves both human behavior and characteristics of organizations, but its principal focus is the exterior environment that surrounds the organization. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Multiple Choice 24. All organizational successes and failures result directly from a. stakeholder management. b. comprehensive selection and placement. c. supplier relationships. d. the behaviors of many people. e. the dynamics of the reward system of the organization. ANSWER: d 25. Organizational behavior (OB) typically includes the study of which of the following basic components? a. financial reporting b. research and development c. human behavior in organizations. d. the task environment e. customer retention. ANSWER: c 26. The first goal of a consultant hired to solve a problem in an organization should be to a. recognize that the organization has always been this way and little can be done to change it. b. learn as much as possible about the organization and the people within it. c. generate an action plan, with specific targets and completion dates. d. focus exclusively on changing the reward system, since everything else depends on it. e. make sure employees know the consultant has come to solve the company's problems. ANSWER: b 27. Which is NOT an important reason for understanding organizational behavior? a. Most people are born and educated in organizations. b. Government organizations regulate many of our activities. c. Most adults spend the better part of their lives working in organizations. d. Organizational behavior offers specific perspectives on the human side of management. e. Sole proprietorships are increasing common for entrepreneurial organizations. ANSWER: e 28. Organizational behavior focuses on a. the economic side of management. b. the control side of management. c. the human side of management. d. the financial side of management. e. the production side of management. ANSWER: c 29. Which of the following is one of the specific perspectives of organizational behavior? a. people as technology users b. people as resources c. people as consumers d. people as task environments e. people as financial expenditures ANSWER: b 30. In dealing with the work-related activities of people, managers must have an understanding of all of the following EXCEPT a. leadership b. decision-making c. organizational structure and design d. organizational culture e. long-term plans of marketplace competitors ANSWER: e 31. Which of the following is NOT a resource category that organizations use in the pursuit of goals and objectives? a. human b. financial c. physical d. intangible e. informational ANSWER: d 32. Planning is the process of a. designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns of authority between jobs and units. b. determining the organization's desired future position and deciding how best to get there. c. motivating the organization's members to work together toward the organization's goals. d. monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its members to keep them directed toward their goals. e. utilizing organizational resources with the ultimate goal of attaining organizational goals efficiently and effectively. ANSWER: b 33. A manager who groups jobs into units and establishes patterns of authority is performing which function of management? a. Planning b. Organizing c. Controlling d. Supervising e. Leading ANSWER: b 34. When managers motivate employees with compensation and job opportunity, they are utilizing which managerial function? a. Synergizing b. Controlling c. Leading d. Planning e. Organizing ANSWER: c 35. Evaluating performance and verifying inventory levels are examples of a. leading. b. decision making. c. organizing. d. planning. e. controlling. ANSWER: e 36. A manager acting in the role of a leader will a. choose the best resources to most effectively and efficiently produce the organization's product or service. b. verify the quality of resources that pass through the organization. c. determine how organizational resources will be released in the environment. d. encourage workers to increase productivity. e. identify the various suppliers the organization will utilize to acquire resources. ANSWER: d 37. A manager who schedules department meetings to effectively disseminate important information to employees has high a. interpersonal skills. b. technical skills. c. diagnostic skills. d. conceptual skills. e. leadership skills. ANSWER: a 38. A manager's ability to develop solutions to problems is determined by her a. conceptual skills. b. time management skills. c. diagnostic skills. d. interpersonal skills. e. technical skills. ANSWER: c 39. A manager who can see how the various tasks within the organization fit together and how each task contributes toward the "big picture" has strong a. problem-solving skills. b. diagnostic skills. c. technical skills. d. conceptual skills. e. interpersonal skills. ANSWER: d 40. An engineer who can solve complex mathematical equations on the job has strong a. interpersonal skills. b. problem-solving skills. c. conceptual skills. d. diagnostic skills. e. technical skills. ANSWER: e 41. John, a middle manager in a high-tech form, has the ability to identify the products that consumers want to buy, which is based on his ____. a. diagnostic skills b. conceptual skills c. technical skills d. interpersonal skills e. All of the above ANSWER: b 42. Under the systems perspective, a system is defined as a. an interrelated set of elements that functions as a whole. b. a procedure for fair and impartial performance appraisals. c. a collection of independent organizations. d. the central technology of the organization. e. the ideal process for completing a particular job. ANSWER: a 43. All of the following are inputs an organization receives from its environment EXCEPT a. money. b. materials. c. people. d. employee behaviors. e. information. ANSWER: d 44. Under the systems view, the profits that Wal-Mart receives as a result of the services it provides is one type of a. technology. b. output. c. input. d. transformation. e. contingency. ANSWER: b 45. The systems view is important to managers because it a. underscores the importance of the organization's environment. b. gives them a set procedure for making decisions. c. allows them to eliminate the interaction among various elements of the organization. d. reduces their risk of human error. e. shifts the focus from outside the company to inside the company. ANSWER: a 46. Which of the following perspectives argues that there's "one best way" to solve a problem that will work for any organization? a. The universal perspective b. Behavioral organization theory c. The systems perspective d. The interactional perspective e. The contingency perspective ANSWER: a 47. Which perspective of management would most likely refute the notion that one style of leadership would enhance employee satisfaction and job performance under any condition? a. Situational perspective b. Classical perspective c. Behavioral perspective d. Interactional perspective e. Universal perspective ANSWER: a 48. ____ attempts to explain how people select, interpret, and change various situations. a. Interactionalism b. Contextualism c. Universalism d. Individualism e. Systems theory ANSWER: a 49. Which of the following is not studied as a group-level outcome in organizational behavior? a. Productivity b. Absenteeism c. Norms d. Performance e. Cohesiveness ANSWER: b 50. Some outcomes can be studied at the individual, group, and organization levels. Which of the following is generally assessed at both the individual and organizational levels? a. Absenteeism b. Financial performance c. Survival d. Norms e. Cohesiveness ANSWER: a 51. A person's ____________________ is an indicator of his or her efficiency and is measured in terms of the products or services created per unit of output. a. productivity b. absenteeism c. turnover d. profitability e. cost-effectiveness ANSWER: a 52. A ________ is anything that gives a firm an edge over rivals in attracting customers and defending itself against competition. a. cultural privilege b. business bias c. personal talent d. competitive advantage e. monopoly ANSWER: d 53. Successful business strategies are grounded in creating and maintaining a competitive advantage that is ______________. a. inflexible b. sustainable c. volatile d. intangible e. all of these ANSWER: b 54. According to Michael Porter, to have a competitive advantage, a company must ultimately be able to give customers _______________. a. the best possible product b. the best possible service c. the best possible price d. superior value for their money e. everything they want ANSWER: d 55. Although Costco pays its employees substantially more than its closest competitor, Sam’s Club, it has similar financial returns on its labor costs due to which of the following? a. lower turnover and higher levels of productivity b. higher turnover and higher levels of employee productivity c. promotion-from-within policies and better benefits d. a larger part-time workforce ANSWER: a 56. Firms pursuing a __________ strategy strive to be the lowest cost producer in an industry for a particular level of product quality. a. cost leadership b. differentiation c. specialization d. growth e. self-sabotaging ANSWER: a 57. Which of the following is NOT a source of competitive advantage? a. selling the most expensive version of an adequate product b. having a well-known brand name c. providing the best customer service d. being more convenient to buy from e. developing a steady stream of innovative products ANSWER: a 58. If a company creates and maintains a culture that encourages employees to bring new ideas into the company, it is most likely to be using what strategy? a. cost leadership b. differentiation c. specialization d. growth e. sabotage ANSWER: b 59. Businesses pursuing a ______________ strategy focus on a narrow market segment or niche. a. cost leadership b. differentiation c. specialization d. growth e. psychological ANSWER: c 60. Organizations pursuing a specialization strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on customer ____________. a. intimidation b. integrity c. intimacy d. integration e. immolation ANSWER: c 61. Organizations pursuing a differentiation strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on product _____________. a. intervention b. integration c. invitation d. innovation e. integrity ANSWER: d 62. Maximizing the efficiency of the manufacturing or product development process to minimize costs is referred to as _________. a. managerial skill b. business superiority c. operational excellence d. maintenance strategy e. differentiation ANSWER: c 63. An organization with a product innovation competitive advantage would likely seek a core workforce of research and development employees who have which quality? a. an entrepreneurial mindset b. a shorter-term focus c. a low tolerance for ambiguity d. conservative values e. a high aversion to taking risks ANSWER: a 64. What strategy focuses on company expansion, either organically or through acquisitions? a. differentiation b. cost leadership c. specialization d. growth e. domination ANSWER: d 65. __________ management is based on the belief that productivity is maximized when organizations are rationalized with precise sets of instructions based on time-and-motion studies. a. Scientific b. Sociological c. Straightforward d. Strategic e. Stratospheric ANSWER: a 66. After World War I, attention shifted away from scientific management to understanding the role of _____________ in organizations. a. managerial corruption b. law and politics c. gender and sexual harassment d. religion and spirituality e. human factors and psychology ANSWER: e 67. The __________ effect occurs when people improve some aspect of their behavior or performance because they know that they are being assessed. a. Hamilton b. Henricks c. Hawthorne d. Hampton e. Hoover ANSWER: c 68. Deming’s ______________ cycle of continuous improvement promoted the adoption of 14 principles to make any organization efficient and capable of solving almost any problem. a. plan-do-check-act b. plan-check-act-do c. act-do-check-plan d. act-plan-check-do e. check-plan-act-do ANSWER: a 69. Deming felt that when things go wrong, there is a 94 percent chance that the ________ rather than the __________ is the cause. a. user, technology b. technology, user c. system, worker d. worker, system e. organization, environment ANSWER: c 70. Decades of research have reinforced some of what many people intuitively believe about OB and identified common misunderstandings, Which of the following questions could NOT be answered as a result of this research into OB? a. What goal level will best motivate my employees? b. How important is job satisfaction to job performance? c. Should I seek a promotion with a competing firm? d. Is stress always bad? ANSWER: c 71. The _________ method relies on systematic studies that identify and replicate a result using a variety of methods, samples, and settings. a. philosophical b. statistical c. mathematical d. scientific e. humanist ANSWER: d 72. What is the term for a written prediction specifying expected relationships between certain variables? a. hypothesis b. theory c. prophecy d. correlation e. statistic ANSWER: a 73. A _________ is a collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why variables are related, and the conditions under which they should and should not relate. a. hypothesis b. theory c. data set d. fact e. statistic ANSWER: b 74. Which of the following is a hypothesis? a. Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled. b. A researcher found a .8 correlation between goal-setting and productivity. c. Personally, I am more productive when I set goals. d. I wonder if there is a relationship between goal-setting and productivity. e. There is no way to determine whether goal-setting is positively or negatively related to productivity. ANSWER: a 75. The _________ variable in an experiment is predicted to affect something else. a. dependent b. independent c. codependent d. interdependent e. measured ANSWER: b 76. The _________ variable in an experiment is predicted to be affected by something else. a. dependent b. independent c. codependent d. interdependent e. control ANSWER: a 77. A researcher hypothesizes that the age of employees influences their awareness of diversity. In this example, age is the _____________ and diversity awareness is the ____________. a. variable, control b. theory, correlation c. correlation, theory d. independent variable, dependent variable e. dependent variable, independent variable ANSWER: d 78. A _______________ reflects the size and strength of the statistical relationship between two variables. a. correlation b. mean c. mode d. standard deviation e. range ANSWER: a 79. What letter is used to refer to a correlation? a. r b. f c. p d. n e. c ANSWER: a 80. What is the range of correlations? a. 0 to 10 b. 1 to 10 c. 0 to 100 d. -10 to 10 e. -1 to 1 ANSWER: e 81. What type of relationship is indicated by a correlation of .9? a. a strong, positive relationship b. a weak, positive relationship c. no relationship d. a weak, negative relationship e. a strong, negative relationship ANSWER: a 82. A researcher is studying the relationship between age and diversity awareness and finds a negative correlation. What does that mean? a. As age increases, diversity awareness increases. b. As age decreases, diversity awareness decreases. c. As age increases, diversity awareness decreases. d. A person's age doesn't affect her level of diversity awareness. e. The study was inconclusive. ANSWER: c 83. __________ is a statistical technique used to combine the results of many different research studies done in a variety of organizations and for a variety of jobs. a. Standard deviation b. Path analysis c. Analysis of variance d. Regression e. Meta-analysis ANSWER: e 84. An understanding of OB can help organizations to prevent all of the following problems EXCEPT a. unhappy employees b. weak leadership c. lack of direction d. stagnating profits e. loss of market share. ANSWER: e 85. Investing now in developing your OB skills will do all of the following EXCEPT a. prepare you to be a more effective employee b. prepare you to be a more effective manager c. prepare you to be a more effective leader d. help you to move up faster in any organization e. help you to improve your technical skills. ANSWER: e 86. Most service-quality experts say that _______ is the most critical element in building a customer-oriented company. a. talent b. management c. ethics d. compensation e. communication ANSWER: a 87. Seline runs a small company that sells medical software. She has devised a process by which her company is able to develop new versions of the software relatively quickly and with almost no bugs. However, Seline believes that the success of this process hinges on her company's unique makeup and the type of product it produces; she does not believe that most software companies could use her process to any great effect. Seline's views embody which type of perspective? a. scientific b. universal c. situational d. interactional e. pessimistic ANSWER: c 88. Which of the following is NOT a facet of human resource management? a. developing incentives to motivate employees b. developing incentives to use fewer employees c. creating programs to develop employees’ skills d. developing incentives to retain employees e. attracting high quality employees ANSWER: b 89. Scientific management achieved which of the following? a. it decreased the monotony of work b. it was eagerly accepted by workers c. it gave workers control over their jobs d. it increased productivity e. it saw wide use for over a century ANSWER: d 90. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunctional behavior? a. absenteeism b. asking for a raise c. turnover d. sabotage e. rudeness ANSWER: b 91. Turnover occurs when people a. are called to jury duty b. feign illness c. get fired d. quit their jobs e. get promoted ANSWER: d 92. What term refers to discretionary behaviors that benefit the organization but are not formally rewarded or required? a. organizational commitment b. organizational citizenship c. affective commitment d. normative commitment e. subjective responsibility ANSWER: b Multiple Response 93. Which of the following are examples of technical skills? Select as many as apply. a. identifying which employee survey responses are likely to predict subsequent turnover b. figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a 5-star restaurant is decreasing c. coming up with a new product idea that will help your organization dominate a competitive market d. persuading an employee to take on additional work during a busy shift e. ensuring that a piece of medical software is in compliance with HIPAA regulations ANSWER: e 94. Which of the following are examples of diagnostic skills? Select as many as apply. a. designing a new logo for a major advertising client b. figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a 5-star restaurant is decreasing c. deciding whether or not to undertake a risky acquisition d. providing negative feedback to an employee in a way that will correct her behavior without discouraging her e. writing software code for a new search engine ANSWER: b 95. Which of the following are examples of interpersonal skills? Select as many as apply. a. designing a new logo for a major advertising client b. figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a 5-star restaurant is decreasing c. coming up with a new product idea that will help your organization dominate a competitive market d. persuading an employee to take on additional work during a busy shift e. writing software code for a new search engine ANSWER: d 96. Which of the following are examples of conceptual skills? Select as many as apply. a. figuring out which of two mutually exclusive market opportunities to pursue b. deciding whether to undertake a risky acquisition c. coming up with a new product idea that will help your organization dominate a competitive market d. persuading an employee to take on additional work during a busy shift e. determining which of three CEO candidates has the vision that is most compatible with the needs of the company ANSWER: a, b, c, e 97. Walmart is famous for exemplifying the cost leadership strategy. Which of the following is Walmart likely to do? Select as many as apply. a. keep prices as low as possible b. keep expenses as low as possible c. rely heavily on low-wage employees d. automate as few jobs as possible. e. automate as many jobs as possible ANSWER: a, b, c, e 98. Which of the following is an example of a company employing a specialization strategy? Select as many as apply. a. Walmart decides to pressure its suppliers to keep costs as low as possible. b. Apple decides to create a phone that is unlike any other phone on the market. c. Harley Davidson decides that it will only manufacture motorcycles, not cars or other types of vehicles d. Dunkin' Donuts decides to focus on selling donuts rather than a variety of baked goods e. Starbucks decides against opening any kind of store location other than a coffee shop. ANSWER: c, d, e Completion 99. ___________________________________ can be defined as the study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself. ANSWER: Organizational behavior 100. Regardless of size, scope, or location, all organizations have at least one thing in common: they are made up of ____________________. ANSWER: people 101. Organizational behavior is not defined as a business ____________________. ANSWER: function 102. By designing jobs and establishing patterns of authority, the manager is performing the ____________________ function. ANSWER: organizing 103. ____________________ is the process of motivating employees of an organization to work together toward the organization's goals. ANSWER: Leading 104. Performance evaluation and reward systems apply to the ____________________ function. ANSWER: controlling 105. ___________________________________ allow managers to better understand cause-and-effect relationships and to recognize the optimal solution to problems. ANSWER: Diagnostic skills 106. A(n) ____________________ is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole. ANSWER: system 107. Products and services, profits and losses, and employee behaviors are all types of ____________________ that an organizational system releases to the environment. ANSWER: outputs 108. Managers, office equipment, funds from stockholders, and sales forecasts are all examples of ____________________ to an organizational system. ANSWER: inputs Matching Match each work outcome with the corresponding organizational behavior concept. What is each behavior an example of? a. Susan declines to take a job with another company even though it offers a higher salary and better benfits. b. Lydia steals, on average, 1-2 office staplers per month. c. Peter is beloved by his coworkers and boss, but he is actively looking for a higher-paying job. d. Hernando voluntarily creates a video guide for his coworkers explaining how to use the company's spreadsheet software. e. Bob sells, on average, 4-5 dining sets per week. 109. productivity ANSWER: e 110. performance ANSWER: d 111. dysfunctional behavior ANSWER: b 112. organizational commitment ANSWER: a 113. lack of organizational commitment ANSWER: c Match each term with its definition. a. System b. Universal perspective c. Situational perspective d. Interactionalism e. Scientific management 114. Individuals and situations interact continuously to determine individuals’ behavior ANSWER: d 115. There exists “one best way” that could be used in any organization, under any conditions, to achieve positive outcomes ANSWER: b 116. An interrelated set of elements that function as a whole ANSWER: a 117. Productivity is maximized when organizations are rationalized with precise sets of instructions based on time-and-motion studies ANSWER: e 118. In most organizations, situations and outcomes are influenced by other variables ANSWER: c Ordering 119. Order the steps of the scientific method, from first to last. a. data b. hypothesis c. verification d. theory ANSWER: d, b, a, c 120. The diagram above shows the framework of the book. Order the fundamental questions that each section answers, from 1 to 6. a. Why do individuals do what they do? b. What makes managers and organizations effective? c. Why does leadership matter? d. Why do groups and teams do what they do? e. How does the environment matter? f. How do organizational characteristics influence effectiveness? ANSWER: e, a, d, b, c, f Essay 121. Explain why it is important for managers to have a good understanding of organizational behavior. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 122. Discuss the four basic managerial functions and how they related to organizational behavior. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 123. Identify, discuss, and give examples of the contextual perspectives on Organizational Behavior. ANSWER: Answer not provided. True / False 1. Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is congruence among attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Basic perceptual processes include selective perception and stereotyping. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. A person who screens out information because he or she is uncomfortable with the information or the information contradicts his or her belief is affected by stereotyping. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. Stress is defined as an individual's adaptive response to a stimulus. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. Stimuli that cause stress are called "stressors." a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. When a person first encounters a stressor, the first stage is called alarm. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. In the workplace, stress is sometimes a positive factor. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to a stressor without resolution. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. Because stress is harmful, it should be eliminated. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. Distress is known as the positive form of stress. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 11. Task demands include group pressures, leadership, and interpersonal conflict. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 12. Temperature can create stress in the organizational environment. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 13. Stress in organizational settings is not influenced by events that take place outside the organization. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 14. The two most significant forms of withdrawal behavior are absenteeism and quitting. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 15. Organizational consequences of stress include a decline in performance, heart disease, and headaches. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 16. Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when a person simultaneously experiences too much pressure and has too few sources of satisfaction. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 17. The use of support groups is an effective organizational strategy for adapting to and managing stress. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 18. Better managing a daily schedule through effective time management can reduce stress on the job. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 19. Supervision is not considered to be an important institutional role in managing workplace stress. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 20. Two basic organizational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programs and individual coping mechanisms. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 21. Trade-offs between extreme demands are usually needed when balancing work-life linkages. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Multiple Choice 22. The ____ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation. a. cognition b. intention c. perception d. affect e. intellect ANSWER: d 23. The ____ component of an attitude reflects how an individual expects to behave toward or in a situation. a. cognition b. intellect c. expectation d. affect e. intention ANSWER: e 24. One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that a. attitudes are more difficult to assess than personality attributes. b. attitudes are stronger than personality attributes. c. attitudes are more deeply rooted than personality attributes. d. attitudes are less important than personality attributes in predicting behavior. e. attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes. ANSWER: e 25. If you are satisfied with your job because you are given good benefits, this is a(n) ____ component of your attitude. a. affect b. intention c. intellect d. behavior e. cognition ANSWER: e 26. After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for your college tuition, you vowed never to work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer you receive is a managerial job at a local restaurant. Your acceptance of this job may result in ____ dissonance. a. attitudinal b. behavioral c. cognitive d. affective e. intentional ANSWER: c 27. George is highly committed and has an attachment to the organization where he works. He feels he is a true member of the company. George is demonstrating ____. a. organizational citizenship. b. organizational commitment. c. job identification. d. job satisfaction. e. job involvement. ANSWER: b 28. Tammi generally is pessimistic and usually sees things in a negative light. Tammi has a relatively high degree of a. self-criticism. b. negative affectivity. c. locus of control. d. Machiavellianism. e. self-efficacy. ANSWER: b 29. A person who generally sees things in a positive light and seems to be in a good mood most of the time has a high level of a. locus of control. b. self-efficacy. c. conscientiousness. d. positive affectivity. e. Machiavellianism. ANSWER: d 30. ____ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. a. Perceived reality b. Person-job fit c. Selective perception d. Complementary congruence e. Objective reality ANSWER: c 31. When a large-scale layoff is announced in Bill's company, all the workers including Bill begin to complain. According to attribution theory, we would evaluate Bill's behavior as exhibiting a. high consistency. b. high distinctiveness. c. low consistency. d. low consensus. e. high consensus. ANSWER: e 32. Stressors are defined as a. stress on the job. b. the result of mismanagement. c. stress that accompanies negative events. d. anything that induce stress. e. situations that should be avoided. ANSWER: d 33. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people wonder how to cope with stressors? a. Resistance b. Exhaustion c. Realization d. Emotion e. Alarm ANSWER: e 34. Which of the following is NOT true about the general adaptation syndrome model? a. Everyone has a stress threshold. b. Some people cannot tolerate much stress at all. c. Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress. d. Some people can tolerate a great deal of stress. e. Each person has a normal level of resistance to stressful events. ANSWER: c 35. Which of the following is an example of distress? a. Excessive pressure to perform b. Mental preparations before playing a sport c. Giving a speech d. Getting married e. Getting a promotion ANSWER: a 36. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people give up because they can no longer cope with the stressor? a. Deflation b. Exhaustion c. Realization d. Resistance e. Alarm ANSWER: b 37. Which of the following is a basic cause of stress in organizations? a. Life change b. Life trauma c. Intrinsic demands d. Extrinsic demands e. Physical demands ANSWER: e 38. Task demands that are too low can cause a person to a. develop healthy coping techniques. b. become bored. c. be healthy and pleased with life. d. feel invigorated. e. become anxious about time pressures. ANSWER: b 39. A moderate degree of workload-related stress can a. stimulate energy and motivation. b. overload the nervous system. c. weaken the physical system. d. result in apathy. e. increase anxiety. ANSWER: a 40. A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a(n) ____ organizational stressor. a. physical demand b. personal demand c. task demand d. role demand e. interpersonal demand ANSWER: a 41. A(n) ____ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization. a. information node b. stressor c. role d. catalyst e. demand ANSWER: c 42. All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT a. Leadership style b. Personalities c. Group norms d. Job security e. Group acceptance ANSWER: d 43. Smoking and alcohol abuse are ____ consequences of too much stress at work. a. psychological b. medical c. behavioral d. physiological e. cognitive ANSWER: c 44. Medical, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress are primarily a. eustress. b. burnout. c. hardiness adjustments. d. individual consequences. e. organizational consequences. ANSWER: d 45. Psychological consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT a. depression b. sleeping too much c. not sleeping enough d. headaches e. family problems ANSWER: d 46. Medical consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT a. Strokes b. Ulcers c. Accident proneness d. Heart attacks e. Headaches ANSWER: c 47. Behavioral consequences of organizational stress include all of the following EXCEPT a. smoking. b. alcohol abuse c. negative changes in attitudes d. aggression e. appetite disorders ANSWER: c 48. All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress EXCEPT a. accident proneness. b. poor work quality. c. turnover. d. absenteeism. e. lowered productivity. ANSWER: a 49. Usually, high work stress results in ____________ job performance. a. equal or better b. decreased c. no effect on d. increased e. usually increased, but sometimes decreased ANSWER: b 50. Burnout a. is most frequently found among high achievers. b. occurs when the worker enrolls in stress-management programs. c. occurs when a worker puts too little of himself or herself into the job. d. is more common among women than men. e. is found more often in Type B personalities. ANSWER: a 51. All of the following are signs of burnout except a. Putting in long hours, but getting little accomplished b. Dreading going to work c. Metal exhaustion d. Physical exhaustion e. Strenuous exercise ANSWER: e 52. Common dimensions of a person's life that are not tied specifically to work include all of the following EXCEPT a. hobbies b. spouse or life companion c. religious affiliations d. dependents e. working hours ANSWER: e 53. Work-life relationships that are separate from work include all of the following EXCEPT a. a person's spouse b. career goals c. dependents d. personal life interests e. friendship networks ANSWER: b 54. Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress? a. Making a "to do" list b. Sitting quietly with eyes closed c. Taking a rest break d. Taking a vacation e. Taking a nap ANSWER: a 55. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested steps for time management? a. Impression management b. Make a list every morning c. Work on tasks in order of importance d. Identify critical activities e. Identify trivial activities ANSWER: a 56. Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral program? a. Career development b. Employee fitness c. Health promotion d. Stress management e. Shift work ANSWER: e 57. Which of the following is NOT a type of value? a. intrinsic b. extrinsic c. primary d. terminal e. instrumental ANSWER: c 58. Which type of value reflects what we want to accomplish? a. intrinsic b. extrinsic c. primary d. terminal e. instrumental ANSWER: d 59. Which type of value reflects how we want to accomplish what we want to accomplish? a. intrinsic b. extrinsic c. primary d. terminal e. instrumental ANSWER: e 60. Intrinsic work values are defined as _____________. a. values related to your education b. values related to the work itself c. values not related to the work d. values related to your family e. values related to the outcome of doing the work ANSWER: b 61. Extrinsic work values are defined as _____________. a. values related to your family b. values related to the types of work you do c. values that give you a lot of job responsibility d. values related to the outcomes of the work e. values that give you challenging opportunities at work ANSWER: d 62. An example of an intrinsic work value is _______________. a. health insurance b. social contact with friends c. having lots of time to spend with family d. challenging work e. financial gain ANSWER: d 63. Intrapersonal value conflict occurs when ________________. a. highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict b. highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel c. two different people hold contradictory values d. two different people hold parallel values e. none of these ANSWER: a 64. Interpersonal value conflict occurs when ________________. a. highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict b. highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel c. two different people hold contradictory values d. two different people hold parallel values e. none of these ANSWER: c 65. Individual-organization value conflict occurs when ___________________. a. an employee's values conflict with the values of the organization b. an employee's values conflict with the values of another employee c. a friend's values conflict with the values of the organization d. family values conflict with the values of a friend e. all of these ANSWER: a 66. Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance? a. change your behavior b. change your attitude c. reason about the situation d. search for additional information e. all of these ANSWER: e 67. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that has the greatest influence on job satisfaction? a. values b. personality c. the work itself d. alma mater e. attitudes ANSWER: d 68. As a manager, if you want to increase your subordinates’ job satisfaction, focus first on __________________. a. improving their after-work activities b. improving the nature of the work itself c. locating the office in a nice place d. locating the break room in a nice place e. ensuring that the work area is always pulsing with sweet jams ANSWER: b 69. Employees who find intrinsic value in their work are doing what is ____________. a. important to them b. important to their spouse c. not important to them d. obligatory e. none of these ANSWER: a 70. Our job satisfaction tends to ___________ over time, ______ when we change jobs or employers. a. increase, especially b. decrease, especially c. fluctuate randomly, including d. stay constant, even e. stay constant, except ANSWER: d 71. __________ commitment is defined as feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons. a. Dysfunctional b. Continuance c. Affective d. Normative e. none of these ANSWER: d 72. __________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals. a. Dysfunctional b. Continuance c. Affective d. Normative e. none of these ANSWER: c 73. __________ commitment is defined as staying with an organization because of perceived high costs involved with leaving. a. Dysfunctional b. Continuance c. Affective d. Normative e. none of these ANSWER: b 74. An employee who just finished an MBA paid for by a firm’s tuition reimbursement program might feel a moral obligation to stay with the employer for at least a few years to repay the debt. This person would be classified by which type of commitment? a. Dysfunctional b. Continuance c. Affective d. Normative e. none of these ANSWER: d 75. Which one of the following statements most clearly embodies continuance commitment? a. "I work here because it would be wrong of me to quit." b. "I work here because I'm afraid to quit." c. "I work here because I want to." d. "I work here because I have to work somewhere." e. "I work here because I don't have a choice." ANSWER: e 76. ______________is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences her to apply additional discretionary effort to his/her work a. Normative commitment b. Affective commitment c. Community engagement d. Employee engagement e. Job satisfaction ANSWER: d 77. ____________ workers do not perform close to their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort. a. Introverted b. Efficient c. Inefficient d. Engaged e. Disengaged ANSWER: e 78. Engagement is enhanced when employees _______________. a. have clear goals and roles b. have the resources needed to do a good job c. get meaningful feedback on their performance d. are able to use their talents e. all of these ANSWER: e 79. ____________ is a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions. a. Psychology b. Creativity c. Intelligence d. Affectivity e. Personality ANSWER: d 80. What are the two types of affectivity? a. positive and negative b. high and low c. distress and eustress d. anxious and relaxed e. odd and even ANSWER: a 81. _____________ refer(s) to manageable levels of stress for reasonable periods of time that generate positive emotions including satisfaction, excitement, and enjoyment. a. Functional stress b. Dysfunctional stress c. Collateral programs d. Collateral damage e. General adaptation syndrome ANSWER: a 82. Which of the following is NOT a healthy coping strategy for stress? a. overeating b. social support c. meditation d. getting enough rest e. managing your time ANSWER: a 83. What term refers to forming oversimplified beliefs about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in that particular group will behave the same way? a. bigotry b. stereotyping c. selective perception d. indiscriminate perception e. projection ANSWER: b 84. Once we categorize someone as a high performer, we focus more on (and better remember) information related to her ___________ and disregard more of the information reflecting her _____________. a. low performance, high performance b. high performance, low performance c. personality, appearance d. appearance, personality e. appearance, high performance ANSWER: b 85. What term refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good) characteristic? a. the halo effect b. first impression bias c. selective perception d. stereotyping e. the Hawthorne effect ANSWER: a 86. What term refers to evaluating a person’s characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics? a. the contrast effect b. the comparison effect c. the assimilation effect d. the accommodation effect e. the Coriolis effect ANSWER: a 87. What term refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people? a. negative affect b. positive affect c. attribution d. projection e. obfuscation ANSWER: d 88. If a hiring manager is interviewing someone who reminds him of himself when he was just starting out, he may assume that the candidate also shares his values, work ethic, and abilities. This is an example of what phenomenon? a. the contrast effect b. the halo effect c. first impression bias d. stereotyping e. projection ANSWER: e 89. People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics. This phenomenon is an example of which of the following? a. the contrast effect b. the halo effect c. first impression bias d. stereotyping e. projection ANSWER: b 90. After encountering an exceptionally good cashier, we might see an average cashier and evaluate him as below average. This is an example of which of the following? a. the contrast effect b. the halo effect c. first impression bias d. stereotyping e. projection ANSWER: a 91. Perceptions are ____________ to change once they are formed. a. trivial b. easy c. impossible not d. difficult e. impossible ANSWER: d 92. What term refers to employees’ perceptions of organizational events, policies, and practices as being fair or not fair? a. employee engagement b. social justice c. organizational fairness d. organizational commitment e. person-organization fit ANSWER: c 93. What term refers to the perceived fairness of the outcome received? a. managerial fairness b. organizational fairness c. interactional fairness d. procedural fairness e. distributive fairness ANSWER: e 94. What term refers to the perceived fairness of the way the outcome was generated? a. managerial fairness b. organizational fairness c. interactional fairness d. procedural fairness e. distributive fairness ANSWER: d 95. What term refers to the perceived fairness of the amount of information given by the makers of the decision, the treatment of the people affected by the decision, and the explanations received during the making of the decision? a. managerial fairness b. organizational fairness c. interactional fairness d. procedural fairness e. distributive fairness ANSWER: c 96. How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people’s behaviors and achievements is called ___________. a. projection b. stereotyping c. attribution d. selective perception e. indiscriminate perception ANSWER: c 97. ___________ refers to whether the person has regularly behaved a certain way or experienced a certain outcome in the past. a. Attribution b. Distinctiveness c. Consensus d. Consistency e. Congruence ANSWER: d 98. Would others behave similarly in the same situation, or receive the same outcome? This question refers to the concept of _____________. a. attribution b. distinctiveness c. consensus d. consistency e. congruence ANSWER: c 99. Does the person act the same way or receive similar outcomes in different types of situations? This question refers to the concept of _____________. a. attribution b. distinctiveness c. consensus d. consistency e. congruence ANSWER: b 100. If your roommate is a C student, the distinctiveness of a recent high grade would be _____ and you would attribute it to _________. a. high, external causes b. high, internal causes c. low, external causes d. low, internal causes e. there is not enough information given to determine the answer ANSWER: a Completion 101. ____________________ are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people. ANSWER: Attitudes 102. Because Stan once read about a scandal involving a local politician, he thinks the politician is untrustworthy. This reflects the ____________________ component of his attitude about the candidate. ANSWER: cognition 103. ___________________________________ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. ANSWER: Selective perception 104. A person who is generally downbeat and pessimistic has a high level of ___________________________________. ANSWER: negative affectivity 105. ____________________ is an individual's adaptive response to a stimulus that places excess demands on that individual. ANSWER: Stress 106. Anything that induces stress is classified as a(n) ____________________. ANSWER: stressor 107. When a person believes that he or she will get over a stressful event, that person has entered the ____________________ stage of GAS. ANSWER: resistance 108. If a person feels some degree of panic and begins to wonder how to cope, that person has entered the ____________________ stage of GAS. ANSWER: alarm 109. Pleasurable stress that accompanies positive events is called ____________________. ANSWER: eustress 110. Unpleasant stress that accompanies negative events is called ____________________. ANSWER: distress Matching Sheldon and Malik are equally competent scientists who work in the same lab. Match each description with the psychological phenomenon it most clearly illustrates. a. Emily, their lab manager, considers Sheldon the better scientist. When Sheldon makes a mistake, Emily dismisses it as a fluke. When Malik makes a mistake, she thinks, "Typical!" b. When Sheldon completes a successful experiment, Malik thinks it's because Sheldon is a great scientist. When one of his own experiments goes well, Malik figures he just got lucky. c. On the day he met Emily, Malik had a bicycling accident on his way to work and arrived reeling and distracted. His mind still on his near-death experience, Malik was curt during their introductions, causing Emily to forever consider him rude despite his being friendly to her ever since. d. Sheldon is more eloquent and more adept at conversational niceties than Malik is. For this reason, Emily considers Sheldon the better scientist. 111. first impression bias ANSWER: c 112. attribution ANSWER: b 113. the halo effect ANSWER: d 114. selective perception ANSWER: a Kiko and Shelly work in an accounting firm. When their boss is promoted, both of them apply for his position and Kiko gets the job. Match each scenario with the type of fairness or unfairness it exemplifies. a. Shelly doesn't mind that Kiko got the job and she didn't, but she feels insulted that the department director delivered the news to her via email rather than taking the time to tell her in person. b. Shelly is sad that she didn't get promoted, but given Kiko's greater skill and tenure with the company, Shelly has to admit she probably would have made the same choice herself. c. Kiko's brother is married to the department director's uncle's cousin's former roommate. However, Shelly is confident that the hiring decision was based on objective criteria, not on nepotism, so she will not file any complaints. 115. procedural fairness ANSWER: c 116. distributive fairness ANSWER: b 117. interactional fairness ANSWER: a Match each scenario with the type of organizational commitment it most clearly illustrates. a. Gordo hates his job, but he has a serious medical condition and can't afford to lose his health insurance, so he stays on. b. Yvette not only loves her job but also everything her organization stands for. She'd keep working there even if she weren't getting paid. c. Billy's firm just paid to spring his sister out of prison, so even though he doesn't like his job as a full-time copy editor and would like to take his chances on the freelance market, he feels like it'd be kind of a jerk move to quit now. 118. normative ANSWER: c 119. continuance ANSWER: a 120. affective ANSWER: b Essay 121. Define perception. Describe two perceptual processes and explain how they affect behavior in organizations. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 122. Define, discuss, and give examples of affect and mood in organizations. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 123. Explain the basic process involved in the general adaptation syndrome. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 124. Define organizational commitment and discuss the three ways we can feel committed to an employer. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 125. Define and discuss terminal and instrumental values, using examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 124. Using the model presented in your text, briefly define systems theory. Give an example of each component of systems theory as it exists in an organization. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 125. Compare and contrast the universal and situational perspectives in organizational behavior. ANSWER: Answer not provided. organizational behavior - test bank, essentials of organizational behavior test bank, , organizational behavior test bank, organizational behavior test bank chapter 3, organizational behavior test bank chapter 2, organizational behavior test bank chapter 5,