CSEP-CEP: Theory review questions and answers 2023

CSEP-CEP: Theory review

Metabolism - answerTotal energy expenditure of all cata/anabolic processes (bodies ability to use fuel)



Measured by either direct (calorimetry chamber) or indirect (Douglas bag/metabolic cart) calorimetry



Calorimetry = measure of energy expenditure (kcals = E to heat 1kg water 1°C)



Oxidation-Reduction Reaction - answer- Are always *coupled reactions* (the energy given off by the
exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction)

- *Oxidation*: removing an electron

- *Reduction*: addition of an electron

- Often involve the *transfer of hydrogen atoms* rather than free electrons; hydrogen atoms contain
one electron and a molecule that loses a hydrogen atom loses an electron and therefore is oxidized



Bioenergetics - answer- The chemical processes of converting food into energy (glycolysis, citric acid
cycle, etc.)

- Formation of ATP



*3 Pathways*:

1. ATP-PCr or Anaerobic Alactic System

2. Glycolysis or Anaerobic Lactic System or Substrate Level Phosphorylation

3. Aerobic System or Oxidative Phosphorylation or Cellular Respiration (Beta Oxidation/Acetyl CoA, Citric
Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain)



Enzymes:

,1. Acetyl CoA

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Lactate --> Pyruvate

4. Glycolysis

5. ATP-PCr

6. Pyruvate --> Lactate

7. Electron Transport Chain - answer1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)

2. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Citrate Synthase, SDH

3. Lactate Dehydrogenase H (LDH-H)

4. Phosphofructokinase

5. Creatine Kinase

6. Lactate Dehydrogenase M (LDH-M)

7. Cytochrome Oxidase



ATP-PCr System (Anaerobic Alactic System) - answer- *Exercise*: ATP + Cr --> ADP + PCr

- *Rest* ADP + PCr --> ATP + Cr

- *Creatine Kinase* is the enzyme that catalysis the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP at rest



1. Gluconeogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

3. Glycolysis - answer- The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as lactate, glycerol
or amino acids

- Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

- Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

,Glycolysis Energy Investment Phase - answer1. Glucose phosphorylated by ATP (ATP-->ADP) producing
an activated molecule Glucose-6-Phosphate(C6-P) (uses 1 ATP)



2. Rearranged to Fructose-6-Phosphate (C6-P);

Then a second phosphorylation giving you Fructose-1,6-B iphosphate (P-C6-P) (uses 1 ATP)

Catalyzed by phosphofructokinase



3. The 6-C molecule split into two 3-C G3P (C3-P) molecules



*Overall uses 2 ATP*



Glucose

Glucose-6-Phosphate - lose 1 ATP

Fructose-6-Phosphate

Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate - lose 1 ATP

2G3P (C3-P)



Glycolysis Energy Production Phase - answer1. Oxidization (NAD-->NADH) then phosphorylation giving
you 2 higher energy BPG (P-C3-P) molecules (get 2 NADH)



2. Removal of phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP--> 2ATP) leaving 2 3PG (P-C3) (get 2 ATP)



3. Oxidization by removing H20 produces 2 high energy PEP (P-C3) molecules



4. Removal of phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP-->2ATP) gives you pyruvate (get 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate)

, 5. If O2 available it enters mitochondria for further breakdown

If not then it's converted to lactic acid then lactate which goes to liver to made back to glucose



*Get 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH*



G3P

BPG - get 2 NADH

3PG - get 2 ATP

PEP - removed H20

Pyruvate - get 2 pyruvate



Pyruvate Oxidation - answer1. Pyruvate (3-C) goes to mitochondria from glycolysis



2. Carboxyl group snipped off released as CO2 leaving behind a 2-C molecule (Acetyl)



3. This molecule oxidized (NAD-->NADH) (2 NADH)



4. Acetyl attaches to CoA group making Acetyl CoA (2-C) (2 Acetyl-CoA)



*Gives 2 Acetyl-CoA and 2 NADH*



Pyruvate (3-C)

Acetyl - creates 2 CO2

Acetyl - oxidized - 2 NADH

Acetyl-CoA - 2 Acetyl-CoA