Portage Learning A&P 2 - Module 7: Urinary System 100% SOLUTIONS

Portage Learning A&P 2 - Module 7: Urinary System 100% SOLUTIONS Describe the anatomy and position of the kidneys - ANSWER 5oz, kidney bean shaped - right side is lower than left due to the position of the liver Functions of the urinary system - ANSWER 1. Filter blood 2. Fluid homeostasis 3. Chemical composition (regulate solute concentration) 3. Excrete waste as urine Tissue layers of the kidney - ANSWER 1. Renal capsule (protection and shape) 2. Adipose capsule (protection and holds in place) 3. Renal fascia (anchors to abdominal wall) 3 regions of kidney - ANSWER renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis renal cortex - ANSWER outer region of the kidney - contains cortical columns (projections) that extend between the renal medulla pyramids - contains nephrons renal medulla - ANSWER inner portion of the kidney - renal pyramids that collect urine - contains the loop of Henle, collecting ducts, and blood vessels renal pelvis - ANSWER funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter - calyces = extensions that collect urine Describe blood flow through the kidneys from the renal arteries - ANSWER renal arteries segmented arteries lobar arteries interlobar arteries (pass between renal pyramids) arcuate arteries interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles GLOMERULUS (filter's blood) Efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries -OR- vasa recta capillaries interlobular veins arcuate veins interlobar veins renal vein renal plexus - ANSWER location where kidneys and NERVOUS SYSTEM interact - fibers allow renal arteries into kidney - SYMPATHETIC NS = adjusts diameter of renal arteries to regulate blood flow ureter - ANSWER thin, muscular tube from the renal pelvis descending into the base of the bladder - carries urine ureterovesical valves - ANSWER sphincters located where the ureters enter the bladder - one-way valves to prevent urine back flow 3 layers of the ureter - ANSWER 1. Outer adventitia 2. Middle muscularis 3. Inner mucosa bladder - ANSWER hollow, muscular, elastic pouch that stores urine MALES: in front of rectum, behind pubic symphysis FEMALES: below uterus, in front of vagina (smaller max capacity) What layer of the bladder are the 3 ureteral orifices located in? - ANSWER trigone layer (center region) 3 layers of the bladder - ANSWER 1. Inner transitional epithelial mucosa (stretch/recoil cells) 2. Middle thick muscular layer (DETRUSOR MUSCLE) 3. Outer fibrous adventitia Describe the bladder when empty vs. full - ANSWER Empty: pyramid-shaped; contains rugae that allow extension Full: pear-shaped; can hold 500-1000mL urine urination - ANSWER micturition - process of emptying the bladder urethra - ANSWER thin-walled, muscular tube that carries urine from bladder to outside - Contains 2 Sphincters: 1. Internal urethral sphincter = involuntary; keeps urethra closed 2. External urethral sphincter = voluntary; skeletal muscles around pelvic flood Differences in urethra of males vs. females - ANSWER MALES: 5x longer; carries urine and semen; 3 regions: prostatic, membraneous, spongy FEMALES: much shorter; close to anus, so poor hygiene can lead to increase in bacteria (and UTI infections) functions of the nephrons - ANSWER 1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion PURPOSE: - eliminate waste - regulate blood volume (pressure) and pH - control electrolyte levels 2 parts of the nephron - ANSWER 1. RENAL CORPUSCLE = filters blood 2. RENAL TUBULE = reabsorbs needed materials renal corpuscle - ANSWER GLOMERULUS = network of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule - extremely POROUS - high pressure due to difference in sizes between arterioles *between afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles* BOWMAN'S CAPSULE = double-walled, simple squamous epithelial cup - FILTRATE cortical nephron - ANSWER Nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex (85%) - have a reduced loop of Henle that extends into medulla juxtamedullary nephron - ANSWER nephrons with well-developed loops of Henle that extend deeply into the renal medulla 3 parts of the renal tubule - ANSWER 1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle