PCN-107 Final Exam Questions With Answers

PCN-107 Final Exam Questions With Answers classical conditioning - ANS A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with an unconditional stimulus operant conditioning - ANS learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences positive reinforcement - ANS ADDING something to the environment that increases the target behavior ( example: adding a food pellet) negative reinforcement - ANS REMOVING something from the environment that increases the target behavior ( example: removing an irritating sound) positive punishment - ANS ADDING something to the environment to decrease a target behavior (example: additional chores in the home) negative punishment - ANS REMOVING something from the environment to decrease the target behavior (example: taking away a teens cell phone) reinforcement schedule - ANS a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced Extinction - ANS Withholding reinforcement from a previous reinforced response Strengths of REBT - ANS • Ellis's outcome study compared psychoanalytically-oriented therapy found REBT considerably more effective that the other approaches • Efficacy across wide-range of disorders and variety of cultural groups • Clients treated with cognitive-behavioral therapies tend to be less disturbed and have improvement of the neurotic symptoms • More efficacious for more educated and healthier and those who would like to work in a focused manner, quickly • Fits wells with managed health: brief and offers specific tools Weaknesses of REBT - ANS • Many mistakenly believe that REBT promotes certain values as a result of words like "irrational" and "rational" • Religious people and members of cultural groups who adhere to rigid values would have difficulty with REBT • Not good for severe mental disorders or long term treatment Strengths of behavior therapy - ANS • Founded on strong empirical data • there is excellent evidence supporting the use of classical and operant conditioning • behavioral treatments are popular among therapists of many theoretical orientations • cognitive-behavioral processes tend to be the most used • measurement of baseline data helps identify growth, change, and success • behavioral strategies are very useful for populations that may not respond well to tradition "talk" therapies • benefits can be seen in a matter of weeks, rather than months Limitations of behavior therapy - ANS • the primary critical is its limited descriptions human personality • critics are frustrated with the limited importance of emotions, thoughts, intuition, and the role of heredity • human beings tend to be more complex than lab animals with the ability to imagine and consider multiple courses of action simultaneously which may limit the applicability of behavioral methods • there is also concern that the behavioral approach only treats the symptoms of the problem while leaving the original problem intact rational thinking - ANS •leads to healthy way of living •results in people who show unconditional acceptance of self, others, and the way things are Irrational thinking - ANS •leads to: - self-defeating emotions - dysfunctional behaviors •depth and length of time one experiences self-defeating emotions related to how embedded irrational thinking is Core irrational beliefs - ANS • I must do well and win the approval of others or else I am no good • other people must do "the right thing" or else they are no good and deserve to be punished • Life must be easy, without discomfort or inconvenience