ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR EXAM 1 CH. 1-4 Q & A 2023/2024

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR EXAM 1 CH. 1-4 Q & A 2023/2024. Organizational Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER-The actions of individuals and groups in an organizational context. Managing Organizational Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER-Actions focused on acquiring, developing, and applying the knowledge and skills of people. Strategic OB Approach - CORRECT ANSWER-An approach that involves organizing and managing people's knowledge and skills effectively to implement the organization's strategy and gain a competitive advantage. Associates - CORRECT ANSWER-The workers who carry out the basic tasks. Organization - CORRECT ANSWER-A collection of individuals forming a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over an extended period of time. Human Capital - CORRECT ANSWER-The sum of the skills, knowledge, and general attributes of the people in an organization. Competitive Advantage - CORRECT ANSWER-An advantage enjoyed by an organization that can perform some aspect of its work better than competitors can or in a way that competitors cannot duplicate, such that it offers products/services that are more valuable to customers. Human Capital Value - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which individuals are capable of producing work that supports an organization's strategy for competing in the marketplace. Human Capital Rareness - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which the skills and talents of an organization's people are unique in the industry. Human Capital Imitability - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which the skills and talents of an organization's people can be copied by other organizations. Positive Organizational Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER-An approach to managing people that nurtures each individual's greatest strengths and helps people use them to their and the organization's advantages. High-Involvement Management - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves carefully selecting and training associates and giving them significant decision making power, information, and incentive compensation. Diversity - CORRECT ANSWER-A characteristic of a group of people where differences exist on one or more relevant dimensions such as gender. Multicultural Organization - CORRECT ANSWER-An organization in which the organizational culture values differences. Plural Organization - CORRECT ANSWER-An organization that has a diverse workforce and takes steps to be inclusive and respectful of differences, but where diversity is tolerated rather than truly valued. Monolithic Organization - CORRECT ANSWER-An organization that is homogeneous. Prejudice - CORRECT ANSWER-Unfair negative attitudes we hold about people who belong to social or cultural groups other than our own. Discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER-Behavior that results in unequal treatment of individuals based on group membership. Modern Racism - CORRECT ANSWER-Subtle forms of discrimination that occur despite people knowing it is wrong to be prejudiced against other racial groups and despite believing they are not racist. Stereotype - CORRECT ANSWER-A generalized set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group of individuals. Social Identity - CORRECT ANSWER-A person's knowledge that he or she belongs to certain social groups, where belonging to those groups has emotional significance. Ascribed Status - CORRECT ANSWER-Status and power that is assigned by cultural norms and depends on group membership. Globalization - CORRECT ANSWER-The trend toward a unified global economy where national borders mean relatively little. Culture - CORRECT ANSWER-Shared values and taken-for-granted assumptions that govern acceptable behavior and thought patterns in a country and give a country much of its uniqueness. Formal Institutions - CORRECT ANSWER-The laws, regulations and economic policies that dictate the rules firms must follow to do business in that country. Virtual Electronic Teams - CORRECT ANSWER-Teams that rely heavily on electronically mediated communication rather than face-to-face meetings as the means to coordinate work. Swift Trust - CORRECT ANSWER-A phenomenon where trust develops rapidly based on positive, reciprocated task-related communications. Expatriate - CORRECT ANSWER-An individual who leaves his or her home country to live and work in a foreign land. Culture Shock - CORRECT ANSWER-A stress reaction involving difficulties coping with the requirements of life in a new country. Ethnocentrism - CORRECT ANSWER-The belief that one's culture is better than others. Glass Border - CORRECT ANSWER-The unseen but strong discriminatory barrier that blocks many women from opportunities for international assignments. High-Context Cultures - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of culture where individuals use contextual cues to understand people and their communications and where individuals value trust and personal relationships. Low-Context Cultures - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of culture where individuals rely on direct questioning to understand people and their communications and where individuals value efficiency and performance. Cultural Intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER-The ability to separate the aspects of behavior that are based in culture from those unique to the individual or all humans in general. Multi-domestic Strategy - CORRECT ANSWER-A strategy by which a firm tailors its products and services to the needs of each country or region in which it operates and gives a great deal of power to the managers and associates in those countries or regions. Global Strategy - CORRECT ANSWER-A strategy by which a firm provides standard products and services to all parts of the world while maintaining a strong degree of central control in the home country. Learning - CORRECT ANSWER-A process through which individuals change their relatively permanent behavior based on positive or negative experiences in a situations. Operant Conditioning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-An explanation for consequence-based learning that assumes learning results from simple conditioning and that higher mental functioning is irrelevant. Social Cognitive Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-An explanation for consequence-based learning that acknowledges the higher mental functioning of human beings and the role such functioning can play in learning. Positive Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER-A reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by a positive consequence, thereby increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations. Negative Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER-A reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by the withdrawal of a previously encountered negative consequence, thereby increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations. Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER-A reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by a negative consequence, thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations. Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER-A reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by the absence of a previously encountered positive consequence, thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations. Continuous Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER-A reinforcement schedule in which a reward occurs after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors. Intermittent Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER-A reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a behavior or set of