CLEP AMERICAN GOVERNMENT PRACTICE TEST ALREADY PASSED

CLEP AMERICAN GOVERNMENT PRACTICE TEST ALREADY PASSED 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia in September in 1774 for what? The First Continental Congress After the battles of Lexington and Concord__________________________ convened in May of 1775 The Second Continental Congress "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" "Natural Rights" John Locke's 3 rights, according to Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence Congressional powers adopted by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 Articles of Confederation Refers to (one house) legislature or the Confederation Congress Unicameral 5 states call to strengthen the national government Annapolis Convention September 1786 A revolt of debtor farmers of Western Massachusetts Shay's Rebellion James Madison proposed two house legislation plan Virginia Plan Two house legislation plan Bicameral A one house legislation plan, but expands revenue increases and commerce regulations New Jersey Plan Representation is based on population Proportional representation The House of Rep is based n population and Senate is divided equally, each state gets 2. The Great Compromise or the Connecticut Compromise Percentages assigned to slaves to determine population in 1783 Three-fifths Compromise Compromise over the vote for the Presidency Electoral College The division of the government is known as The separation of powers Limits the powers of one branch of government by the powers given to another branch checks and balances The division of power between the national government and the states Federalism Used to allow people to vote when they are traveling or away from their normal residence Absentee ballot Policies that favor members of a protected group; used to equalize conditions in society Affirmative action Political Party, most famous member is Alabama Gov. George Wallace; known for opposing racial desegregation American Independent party Group that helps Native American tribes press land claims American Indian Movement "friend of the court" states a position in a court case in writing Amicus Curiae brief Restrictions placed on freemen in the aftermath of their emancipation Black codes Radical African American Religious groups advocating racial separation and threatening violence to white society Black Muslims Militant African-American organization willing to use violence to increase "black power" Black Panther Party General Federal grants for whole area of public policy; gives the recipient flexibility Block Grant Short-Lived political party that served as a vehicle for Teddy Roosevelt's 1912 campaign for president Bull-Moose party Tax on the income made from the sale of real estate or stock Capital Gains tax Federal Funds available to states and localities earmarked for a specific purpose categorical grant State gathering of political party members to select candidates for office Caucus Collects and analyzes information relevant to the national security if the United States. Central Intelligence Agency Approach to the presidency in which the executive branch is merely an administrative arm of Congress Chief Clerk Model The president's main legislative liaison and staff organizer Chief of Staff the geographical area covered by a federal court of appeal circuit When activists break a law that they consider unjust as a public challenge to the law civil disobedience Individual liberties on which the government may not infringe civil liberties Federal law preventing racial discrimination by any private business receiving federal money or engaging in commerce with an interstate component Civil Rights of 1964 Banned discrimination in housing Civil Rights of 1968 Standard used to judge speech restrictions that are allowed only when an exercise of free speech would directly threaten public safety Clear and present danger Primary election where only a party's registered voters may vote to select the party's candidate for the general election closed primary A vote of 60 or more senators required to end a filabuster Cloture when the definition of obscenity shifts depending on the locale Community standard Direct payment sought to recover from damages caused by a defendant Compensatory damages Fugitive slave law protecting the South Compromise of 1850 Opinion written by a court minority that accepts the judgement, but for alternative reasonings Concurring opinion Government that decentralizes units, such as states are clearly dominate Confederation American Policy to resist the spread of communism through counterforce Containment Policy Different levels of government divide responsibly for public policy areas Cooperative Federalism the 1995 peace agreement between Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia brokered by the US Dayton Accords Racial separation that comes about as a result of private social practices de facto segregation Racial segregation enforced by law de jure segregation American policy in the 1970s to ease the tensions with the Soviet Union detente The belief that allowing a single country to become communist would result in many more countries in the region doing the same. domino theory Specific list of Congressional powers included in Article I of the Constitution; system in which a constitution lists what a limited government is allowed to do. Enumerated powers Requires radio and tv to give political candidates equal time on air Equal time rule Everyone is given the same chances to succeed by public policy, but the law does not guarantee that everyone will be equal Equality of opportunity When a law is less concerned with fair or equal treatment and is more concerned with minimizing differences between groups or people at the end of the process. Equality of outcome Presidential promises to other nations that do not require Senate approval; not binding on future administrations executive agreements Policy that required broadcasters to present all points of view on important public issues; abolished in 1987 fairness doctrine Categorical grants awarded to states and municipalities in which the amount is determined by plugging statistics into a specific formula Formula Grant Free use of the mail provided to incumbent legislators to keep in touch with constituents Franking privilege oddly shaped districts designed to ensure the win of a particular party gerrymandering Policy of "openness" introduced by Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev to ease tensions with the US glasnost Unsuccessful law, passed in 1985 that was supposed to eliminate the federal gov large deficits Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill Lyndon Johnson's liberal vision Great Society A small group of people controlling a particular policy area, committees, agencies, lobbying groups. aka cozy triangle Iron Triangle More open than an iron triangle; complex web of individuals who shape a policy in the Modern American Political system issue network Southern statutes in the 20th century; rigid, radical caste system Jim Crow laws 1997 effort to reduce greenhouse gasses (international) Kyoto protocol govt should stay out of people's lives laissez-faire Agricultural and mechanical colleges created under the auspices of the Morrill Act land-grant colleges 1971 supreme Court ruling, determines whether a law is based on religion Lemon Test cooperative effort of multiple of multiple legislators to bind together a series of personal projects and push them through the process logrolling Nixon's attempt to return authority to the states New Federalism Allowed the US and European Powers to trade with China equally Open Door Policy 1883, created the civil service system of hiring and retaining federal workers independent of their political beliefs Pendleton Act Individual issue positions mentioned in a party platform Planks A bill funding improvement projects, such as highway construction pork-barrel legislation 20th century, coalition of farmers, unions and middle class reformers that challenged the two party system Progressive Party a set of beliefs, a story, applied when trying to understand a particular political event schema A party's list of candidates for multiple offices slate Doctrine that compels a court to build on precedent, letting previous decisions stand stare decisis the right to vote suffrage