TEAS- Anatomy and Physiology 2023 exam questions and answers

digestive system comprised of the mouth stomach intestines. uses enzymes to break down foot that we eat to release it into bloodstream and absorbed into cells. rids body of undigested food that don't enter bloodstream in stool. respiratory system nose mouth trachea lungs. gas exchange and pH regulation. removes CO2 from blood and exchanges for O2 circulatory system made up of heart blood vessels lymphatics blood cells. internal transport, pH maintenance temperature stability. delivers nutrition and oxygen to cells and carries waste products and CO2 away from cells. immune system defense system protects from foreign substances or particles when exposed. white blood cells and lymph nodes. maintains homeostasis. excretory system enables disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of salt, fluids and electrolytes. allows waste removal from bloodstream via liver kidneys and urinary bladder skin and lungs. integumentary system skin- protects organs. defense skin doesnt allow foreign bodies in. skin makes vitamin D and assists in excretion. musculoskeletal system hips, spinal column, deltoids quadriceps. protects movement support and shape. supports production of blood and serves as storage sites for some minerals. muscle allow movement strength posture and heat production. muscles work together to move the body. nervous system brain spinal cord and nerves. integrates body function through nerves detects stimuli secretes chemicals and electrical signals and controls other organ systems. endocrine system hypothalamus pituitary glands adrenal glands pancreas and gonads. Integrates body through chemicals hormones. cells use hormones to communicate with each other. hormones are needed to maintain homeostasis. reproductive system scrotum testes prostate gland vas degerens and penis (male) ovaries fallopian tubes uterus cervix vagina (female) provides mechanisms for internal fertilization and production of new offspring. phylum chordata 1. urochordatea 2. cephalochordata 3. vertebrata (humans, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals) vertebrata humans are this because unlike the urochordates and cephalochordates we have a column of bones (backbone) and a tube within a tube construction (vertebrata have an outer tube formed by a body wall and inner tube in the digestive tract. Humans have bilateral symmetry that is. the left side of body is a mirror image of the right side. anatomical position human body is standing postion with palms facing forward. When prone human body is postion posteriorly so you have back side view. superior toward head end of the body. EX: chin is superior to the shoulder. Inferior means below or away from head of body. EX: the belly button is inferior to the nose Anterior near the front of the body EX: nose is anterior to the buttocks. Posterior mean near the back of the body EX: the heart is posterior to the ribs medial closest to the midline of body EX: the big toe is medial to the little toe lateral further away from midline of body EX: appendix is lateral to the stomach. proximal toward nearest point of origin of a part,EX: the wrist is proximal to the digitals. distal away from point of origin of a part. EX: finger nail is distal to the phalange. superficial toward the surface of body EX: the ribs are superficial to the heart deep away from surface of body EX: the brain is deep to the skull dorsal refers to the back vertral refers to teh abdominal area dorsal cavity contains cranial and spinal parts ventral cavity largest cavity in the body filling the entire front section of the body has thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity. thoracic within this cavity are the left and right pleural cavities which contain the lungs and the pericardinal cavity (encases the heart) abdominopelvic cavity contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. serous membranes such as the peritoneum coat and form cavities within the body. mucous membranes surround cavities that lead outside the body such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. transverse represent horizontal longitudinal represents vertical (up and down) alimentary canal long muscular tube beginning in the mouth and ending at the anus accessory organs salivary glands liver pancreas and gall bladder ingestion process by which food enters the mouth or oral cavity where saliva and amylase. food is further chewed broken down and swallowed amylase helps digest starch a carbohydrate. peristalis series of rhythmic wavelike contraction of the esophagus that pushes the food down the stomach to further breakdown. reverse peristalis occurs when someone pukes. the vomit is called emesis digestion mechanical and chemical process that breaks down foods. pyloris thick muscular save that temporality stores ingest food partially digests proteins and kills bacteria due to its acidity pH 1-2. gastrin stimulates stomach cells to produce gastric juice. hydrochloric acid when this is secreted it lowers the pH of the stomach and coverts pepsinogen into pepsin which digestion proteins. chyme once foods brooken down with churning its called this. when this enters the small intestine it meets bile and mixes with the many enzymes that are secreted by the pancreas. secretion release of enzymes or hormones and bile into the digestive tract chloecytokinin hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the release of bile. small intestine site of the most digestion of proteins and carbs and absorption. bile stored and secreted by the liver and gall bladder. it emulsify fat. pancreas further breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol carbs into disaccharides and nucleic acids into nucleotides secretin hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate a base to help neutralize the acid from the stomach so that the stomach doesn't digest itself as the food moves from the pylorus to the duodenum in route to the small intestine and beyond. The p in the intestines is close to neutral absorption movement of food molecules form the digestive tract into the blood. villi nutrient molecules are absorbed into the blood by tiny fingerlike intestinal projection. each is a capillary that absorbs the digested food into the bloodstream and transports it directly to the liver for processing. also have lymphatic vessels called lacteals which absorb fatty acids. pernicious anemia if digested food cannot be absorbed. this is fatal unless the person is receiving regular supplemental vitamin B12 injection. heoatic portal system designed to deliver nutrient from the intestinal tract to the liver defecation elimination of waste from large intestines. large intestine reabsorbs water and salts. harvest and house harmless bacteria that break down undigested food and provides us with vitamins like K (clotting) left overs are moved into the rectum where it is wait to be shitted out. pepsin *made in gastric glands *function site stomach *function is to hydrolyze specific peptide bonds trypsin *made in the pancreas *function site is small intestine *function is to hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds, activate other zymogen proteases chymotrypsin *made in the pancreas *function site is small intestine *function is to hydrolyze specific peptide bonds carboxypeptidase *made in the pancreas *function site is small intestine *function is to hydrolyze terminal peptide bond at carboxyl aminopeptidase *made in intestinal glands *function site is small intestines *function is to hydrolyze terminal end peptide bond at amino depeptidases *made in the intestinal glands *function site is small intestines *function is to hydrolyzes pairs end of amino acids enterokinase *made in intestinal glands *function site is small intestines *function is to convert trypsinogen to trypsin brochiolities inflammation or infection of the bronchioles in children bronchitis inflammation or infection in adults bronchioles aveoli the little tiny says where gas exchange occurs. operate like balloons and increase the surface area of the lung to about the size of a tennis court. filled with surfactant surfactant substance that decreases surface tension and keep walls of air sac from sticking together. permits the sac to expand and fill with air. remember room air is 25% oxygen and when we breath we utilize 5% of the oxygen. when we exhale we get rid of CO2 and remaining unused portion of O2. apnea absence of breathing read when we breathe our diaphragm and intercostales muscles contract and our rib cages expand. inspiration process of taking in oxygen expiration when we breathe out and let carbon dioxide out of our lungs baroreceptors/chemoreceptors controls our respiratory rate that are sensors located in our blood vessels. chemoreceptros when our blood pH decreases this will send nerve impulses tot eh diaphragm and intercostals to increase our respiratory rate. respiratory alkalosis oxygen is a base or basic to much oxygen causes respiratory CO2 is an acid or acidic to much CO2 causes this oxygen and CO2 transport oxygen is transported through the body by the iron contain protein hemoglobin found in red blood cells (97%). a small amount of oxygen (3%) is dissolved in the plasma. CO2 can travel our of the lungs through exhalation or it may combine with blood cells and water to form bicarbonate ions which is a buffer. circulatory system designed to move blood and material around the body. this transports oxygen, carbon dioxide glucose, hormones, waste products, lipids, and more. it is a pump (the hear) and network of blood vessels and fluid. has pulmonary and systemic circulation lymphatic system filters out extra fluids from the cells removed harmful products and disease and prevents waste from returning to the blood for recirculation