C182 OA Study guide (GSC1)

DIKW Hierarchy Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom Information Technology (IT) Describes the technology infrastructure that may support information systems, although Information Technology could also support many other types of systems. IT includes hardware, software, networks, and databases that work together to allow an organization to manage data and information. Protocol Set of rules established to govern how people behave and interact with each other. A computer performs 4 operations IPOS (Input, Processing, Output, Storage cycle Hardware The physical components of a computer. Software the programs and other operating information used by a computer. Network A collection of computers and resources connected by various media so they can communicate with each other. Users The people who use the computer system The System Unit Contains various components that enable the PC system to run programs and complete other important functions. Memory Types Short term and Long term Dynamic RAM Typically called main memory Static RAM Cache memory and registers Read-Only Memory (ROM) Retains contents indefinitely Zuse Z3 1941, German, Binary floating point, Electromechanical, Programmable Atanasoff-Berry 1942, US, Binary, Electronic, Nonprogrammable Colossus Mark 1 1944, UK, Binary, Electronic, Programmable Harvard Mark 1 1944, US, Decimal, Electromechanical, Programmable Colossus Mark 2 1944, UK, Binary, Electronic, Programmable Zuse 1945, German, Binary Floating Point, Electromechanical, Programmable Machine Language Binary code made up of 0s and 1s; usually this is data converted from a high-level language by a compiler. Often used as a synonym for low-level programming language. ( ) Assembly Language Programming language that has the same structure and set of commands as machine languages but allows programmers to use symbolic representations of numeric machine code. (Move.1 #$c, d0 ; Initialize DACR0) High Level Language (HLL) Function get_all_factors(number) Structured Programming Statements known as GOTOs were used in a large number of early languages. The GOTO statement allowed the programmer to transfer control from any location in a program to anywhere else in the program. Compiler Requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin Interpreted Language Runs inside of a special environment called the interpreter. The interpreter then converts that command to machine language and executes it. Scripting Languages Javascript, ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl, Tcl and Phyton Bandwidth Transfer rate permissible over the media, described as some number of bits per second (bps) Network hub A device that connects multiple computers into a network. Network Switch More functional connection than a hub. Its purpose is to only send transmissions to a specific, intended computer. Router A device that connects multiple networks together; routes packets to their next location in order to efficiently reach their destination. Wireless Access Point (WAP) Connected to a hub, switch, or router. Sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable. Circuit Switched Network Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be est. before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission. Packet Switched Network A message's pathway is only est. as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic. E.G. The Internet Virtual Machine Software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms w/out the expense of purchasing multiple computers. Confidentiality Requires that data be kept secure so that they are not accidentally privy to unauth'd individuals and cannot be obtained by unauth'd users. Strategic Risk Analysis 1. Identify the organization's information assets 2. Identify vulnerabilities of each asset 3. Determine threats 4. Prioritizing risks 5. Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats Phishing Process of targeting a specific individual, usually via email, under the guise of a reputable or trustworthy entity to reveal private or personal details. Packet Sniffing Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn't encrypted. Trojan Horse Virus A type of malware program that substitutes itself as a legitimate program. Denial of Service(DOS) Attack One or more attackers attempts to flood a server with so many incoming messages that the server is unable to handle legitimate business. Firewalls Prevent certain types of message from coming in or out of the network. Information Security Attempts to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability, of information when it is stored, processed, and transmitted(across a network) Encryption Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or is sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information. Encryption uses a mathematical algorithm for converting the plain-text information to the encrypted form. Symmetric Key Encryption Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption. Public Key Encryption Two keys, Public and Private Application Software Consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks for users Cloud Computing Combines several different technologies: distributed computing, computer networks, and Storage Area Networks. Idea is to offer, as a service, the ability to offload computation storage from local computer to the cloud. Kernel Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.