TEST BANK
Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges
Beth Black RN MSN PhD
9th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Nursing in Today’s Evolving Health Care Environment 1
Chapter 02 The History and Social Context of Nursing 9
Chapter 03 Nursing’s Pathway to Professionalism 23
Chapter 04 Nursing Education in an Evolving Health Care Environment 30
Chapter 05 Becoming a Professional Nurse Defining Nursing and Socialization into
Practice 40
Chapter 06 Nursing as a Regulated Practice Legal Issues 51
Chapter 07 Ethics Basic Concepts for Professional Nursing Practice 63
Chapter 08 Conceptual and Philosophical Foundations of Professional Nursing Practice 72
Chapter 09 Nursing Theory-The Basis for Professional Nursing 83
Chapter 10 The Science of Nursing and Evidence-Based Practice 99
Chapter 11 Developing Nursing Judgment Through Critical Thinking 108
Chapter 12 Communication and Collaboration in Professional Nursing 122
Chapter 13 Nurses, Patients, and Families Caring at the Intersection of Health, Illness, and
Culture 140
Chapter 14 Health Care in the United States 153
Chapter 15 Political Activism in Nursing Communities, Organizations, Government 168
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
Chapter 01: Nursing in Today’s Evolving Health Care Environment
Black: Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following could eventually change the historical status of nursing as a
female-dominated profession?
a. More men graduating from baccalaureate and higher degree programs
b. The proportion of men in nursing beginning to increase
c. More male graduates of basic nursing programs entering the workplace
d. Salary compensation increasing to attract more men
ANS: C
Feedback
A “More men graduating from baccalaureate and higher degree programs” is not
the best answer because associate degree programs produce the majority of new
graduates.
B The percentage of men in nursing has increased 50% since 2000.
C The more men who enter the workplace as nurses, the less nursing will be seen
as a female-dominated profession.
D Salary rates do not appear to relate to the recruitment of men into nursing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
2. The racial and ethnic composition of the nursing profession will change to more accurately
reflect the population as a whole when
a. the increased numbers of racial and ethnic minorities enrolled in educational
programs graduate and begin to practice.
b. the number of Asians or Native Hawaiian-Pacific Islanders begins to increase.
c. the percentage of African American and Hispanic nurses decreases more than the
percentage of White nurses.
d. the non-White portion of the general population decreases.
ANS: A
Feedback
A A larger percentage of minorities are enrolled in nursing educational programs
than previously.
B Asians and Native Hawaiian-Pacific Islanders are over represented in nursing
compared to their percentage of the general population.
C Not only would the percentage of African American and Hispanic nurses need to
increase, the percentage of White nurses would have to decrease in order to more
accurately reflect the population as a whole.
D The non-White portion of the general population is not likely to decrease.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
3. Which of the following is a correct statement about the registered nurse (RN) population?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
a. The racial/ethnic composition of RNs closely resembles that of the general
population.
b. The number of men entering nursing has decreased steadily over the last decade.
c. The rate of aging of RNs has slowed for the first time in the past 30 years.
d. The majority of employed RNs working full time must work a second position.
ANS: C
Feedback
A The racial/ethnic composition of RNs is increasing, but does not approximate
their percentage of the overall population.
B The number of men entering nursing is increasing.
C The average age of RNs in both 2004 and 2008 was 46. This is a result of the
numbers of RNs under 30 in the workforce.
D The average age of BSN graduates is 25.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
4. Which of the following best describes trends in nursing education?
a. Numbers of RNs with bachelor’s and higher degrees are increasing.
b. Numbers of RNs with associate degrees are decreasing.
c. Foreign-born nurses practicing in the United States are seen as less knowledgeable
because of their lesser educational preparation.
d. Numbers of RNs with diploma educations are increasing.
ANS: A
Feedback
A Slightly over 50% of RNs eventually obtain their bachelors of science in nursing
(BSN) or a higher nursing degree.
B The majority of nurses in this country get their initial nursing education in
associate degree in nursing (ADN) programs.
C Foreign-born nurses practicing in the United States may be viewed as less
knowledgeable by their peers because of language and cultural differences.
D The numbers of diploma-educated nurses are declining.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
5. Despite the variety of work settings available to the RN, data indicate that the primary work
site for RNs is
a. ambulatory care settings.
b. community health settings.
c. long-term care facilities.
d. acute care hospitals.
ANS: D
Feedback
A Ambulatory care settings account for about 10.5% of RNs’ places of
employment.
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2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
B Public health and community health settings account for 7.8% of employed RNs.
C Long-term care facilities account for 5.3% of RNs’ places of employment.
D Statistics show that 63.2% of RNs work in acute care hospitals.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
6. One important advantage of clinical ladder programs for hospital-based RNs is that they
a. allow career advancement for nurses who choose to remain at the bedside.
b. encourage nurses to move into management positions in which they can influence
patient care on a broader scale.
c. encourage RNs to become politically active and guide the profession of nursing.
d. provide training to staff nurses so they can move seamlessly across departments.
ANS: A
Feedback
A Clinical ladder programs allow nurses to advance professionally while remaining
at the bedside.
B Clinical ladder programs are designed to keep proficient nurses at the bedside.
C Encouraging RNs to become politically active and guide the profession of
nursing is not the goal of clinical ladder programs.
D Clinical ladder programs are not designed to facilitate transfer between
departments.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
7. Which of the following statements is correct about community health nursing (CHN)?
a. Prevention and community education are the cornerstones of CHN.
b. Nursing care is rapidly moving from the home setting to the institutional setting.
c. High-tech care such as ventilators and total parenteral nutrition cannot be handled
in the home.
d. Assessment skills are less important in CHN because patients are not acutely ill.
ANS: A
Feedback
A The community health nurse provides educational programs in health
maintenance, disease prevention, nutrition, and child care.
B Care is moving into the home setting.
C Home care is increasing in complexity.
D Community health nurses must have excellent assessment skills as they do not
have the immediate backup that an acute care facility offers.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
8. Which of the following is most essential for the nurse entrepreneur to be successful?
a. Ability to take direction well
b. Excellent time-management skills
c. Avoidance of risks
d. A college degree in business
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,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
ANS: B
Feedback
A Nurse entrepreneurs must function autonomously.
B Nurse entrepreneurs must be well organized and efficient.
C Starting a business involves risk.
D A degree in business is not required to be a nurse entrepreneur.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
9. The major benefit of serving as a military nurse is
a. broader responsibilities and scope of practice than civilian nurses.
b. working with entirely baccalaureate-prepared peers on active duty.
c. serving as an officer on active duty or in the reserves.
d. the financial support to seek advanced degrees.
ANS: D
Feedback
A Although military nurses do have broader responsibilities and scopes of practice
than civilian nurses do, this is not the major benefit.
B Although military nurses do work with entirely baccalaureate-prepared peers on
active duty, this is not the major benefit.
C Although military nurses serve as officers on active duty or in the reserves, this
is not the major benefit.
D Advanced education is supported by the military financially and also allows for
promotion in rank at an accelerated pace.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
10. Which of the following statements explains why the school nurse of today is truly a
community health nurse?
a. The school nurse may be called on to care for a student’s family members in
underserved areas.
b. The school nurse’s primary responsibility is centered on the well child.
c. The school nurse’s primary responsibility is to maintain immunization records.
d. The school nurse must be certified in CHN.
ANS: A
Feedback
A In medically underserved areas a school nurse may be called on to care for
members of a child’s immediate family.
B Chronically ill, disabled, and physically challenged students are in regular
classrooms.
C School nurses detect developmental problems; counsel and educate children,
parents, and teachers; and maintain immunization records.
D Although school nurses are considered community health nurses, certification in
community health is not required.
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4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
11. What has been found about the outcomes of patients cared for in hospitals with a higher
percentage of BSN-prepared nurses as compared to patients in hospitals with a lower
percentage of BSN-prepared nurses?
a. Patient outcomes are more dependent on nurse-patient ratios.
b. Outcomes were better in hospitals with more BSN-prepared nurses.
c. Outcomes were similar in both types of hospitals.
d. Medical patients had better outcomes, but surgical patients fared the same.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Nurse-patient ratio is an important determinant of patient care outcomes but has
not been shown to be more or less important that the percentage of
BSN-prepared nurses providing direct patient care.
B Research by Aiken et al. (2003) showed that patient outcomes were better in
hospitals where higher percentages of BSN-prepared nurses were employed.
C Research by Aiken et al. (2003) showed that patient outcomes were better in
hospitals where higher percentages of BSN-prepared nurses were employed.
D Aiken et al. (2003) studied orthopedic, general surgical, and vascular surgery
patients and found the outcomes were improved for these patients in hospitals
with a higher percentage of BSN-prepared nurses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
12. Faith community nursing (FCN) was founded on which of the following premises?
a. Nurses’ faith beliefs do not play a part in healing.
b. The spiritual aspect takes precedence over the physical body in healing.
c. Spiritual health is central to a person’s well-being.
d. Faith community nurses must receive formal training as a minister or clergy.
ANS: C
Feedback
A The nurse’s spiritual journey is believed to be an essential aspect of this nursing
role.
B Patients are treated holistically under FCN.
C FCN is based on the belief that spiritual health is central to well-being.
D Faith community nurses do not need to have formal training as ministers.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
13. One important advantage of the evolution of nursing informatics is that
a. it allows any RN to become a certified informatics nurse.
b. informatics nurses are best able to design systems with the needs and skills of
nurses who use them in mind.
c. informatics nurses will reduce the need for direct caregivers to document care.
d. benefits of informatics advancements include improved patient safety and
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, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
increased variability of care.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Although all nurses may use informatics, a nurse specializing in informatics
should have a BSN and additional knowledge and experience in the field of
informatics.
B Informatics nurses understand how the information needs to be used and how to
make the systems work for the nurses.
C Direct caregivers will still need to document the care provided.
D Benefits do include improved patient safety, but decreased variability of care is
expected with informatics systems.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
14. Which of the following nursing roles is not considered an advanced practice role?
a. Certified nurse-midwife (CNM)
b. Community health nurse
c. Certified nurse practitioner (CNP)
d. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
ANS: B
Feedback
A A CNM is an advanced practice role.
B The community health nurse is not an advanced practice role.
C CNP is an advanced practice role.
D CNS is an advanced practice role.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
15. NPs are advanced practice nurses who
a. are required to have physician collaboration or supervision.
b. function under a set of universal advanced practitioner laws.
c. cannot receive direct reimbursement for their services.
d. can diagnose and treat common and chronic conditions.
ANS: D
Feedback
A The laws governing the practice of NPs vary from state to state, including the
degree of supervision required and how they may be reimbursed for their
services.
B The laws governing the practice of NPs vary from state to state, including the
degree of supervision required and how they may be reimbursed for their
services.
C The laws governing the practice of NPs vary from state to state, including the
degree of supervision required and how they may be reimbursed for their
services.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges
Beth Black RN MSN PhD
9th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Nursing in Today’s Evolving Health Care Environment 1
Chapter 02 The History and Social Context of Nursing 9
Chapter 03 Nursing’s Pathway to Professionalism 23
Chapter 04 Nursing Education in an Evolving Health Care Environment 30
Chapter 05 Becoming a Professional Nurse Defining Nursing and Socialization into
Practice 40
Chapter 06 Nursing as a Regulated Practice Legal Issues 51
Chapter 07 Ethics Basic Concepts for Professional Nursing Practice 63
Chapter 08 Conceptual and Philosophical Foundations of Professional Nursing Practice 72
Chapter 09 Nursing Theory-The Basis for Professional Nursing 83
Chapter 10 The Science of Nursing and Evidence-Based Practice 99
Chapter 11 Developing Nursing Judgment Through Critical Thinking 108
Chapter 12 Communication and Collaboration in Professional Nursing 122
Chapter 13 Nurses, Patients, and Families Caring at the Intersection of Health, Illness, and
Culture 140
Chapter 14 Health Care in the United States 153
Chapter 15 Political Activism in Nursing Communities, Organizations, Government 168
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
Chapter 01: Nursing in Today’s Evolving Health Care Environment
Black: Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following could eventually change the historical status of nursing as a
female-dominated profession?
a. More men graduating from baccalaureate and higher degree programs
b. The proportion of men in nursing beginning to increase
c. More male graduates of basic nursing programs entering the workplace
d. Salary compensation increasing to attract more men
ANS: C
Feedback
A “More men graduating from baccalaureate and higher degree programs” is not
the best answer because associate degree programs produce the majority of new
graduates.
B The percentage of men in nursing has increased 50% since 2000.
C The more men who enter the workplace as nurses, the less nursing will be seen
as a female-dominated profession.
D Salary rates do not appear to relate to the recruitment of men into nursing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
2. The racial and ethnic composition of the nursing profession will change to more accurately
reflect the population as a whole when
a. the increased numbers of racial and ethnic minorities enrolled in educational
programs graduate and begin to practice.
b. the number of Asians or Native Hawaiian-Pacific Islanders begins to increase.
c. the percentage of African American and Hispanic nurses decreases more than the
percentage of White nurses.
d. the non-White portion of the general population decreases.
ANS: A
Feedback
A A larger percentage of minorities are enrolled in nursing educational programs
than previously.
B Asians and Native Hawaiian-Pacific Islanders are over represented in nursing
compared to their percentage of the general population.
C Not only would the percentage of African American and Hispanic nurses need to
increase, the percentage of White nurses would have to decrease in order to more
accurately reflect the population as a whole.
D The non-White portion of the general population is not likely to decrease.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
3. Which of the following is a correct statement about the registered nurse (RN) population?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
a. The racial/ethnic composition of RNs closely resembles that of the general
population.
b. The number of men entering nursing has decreased steadily over the last decade.
c. The rate of aging of RNs has slowed for the first time in the past 30 years.
d. The majority of employed RNs working full time must work a second position.
ANS: C
Feedback
A The racial/ethnic composition of RNs is increasing, but does not approximate
their percentage of the overall population.
B The number of men entering nursing is increasing.
C The average age of RNs in both 2004 and 2008 was 46. This is a result of the
numbers of RNs under 30 in the workforce.
D The average age of BSN graduates is 25.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
4. Which of the following best describes trends in nursing education?
a. Numbers of RNs with bachelor’s and higher degrees are increasing.
b. Numbers of RNs with associate degrees are decreasing.
c. Foreign-born nurses practicing in the United States are seen as less knowledgeable
because of their lesser educational preparation.
d. Numbers of RNs with diploma educations are increasing.
ANS: A
Feedback
A Slightly over 50% of RNs eventually obtain their bachelors of science in nursing
(BSN) or a higher nursing degree.
B The majority of nurses in this country get their initial nursing education in
associate degree in nursing (ADN) programs.
C Foreign-born nurses practicing in the United States may be viewed as less
knowledgeable by their peers because of language and cultural differences.
D The numbers of diploma-educated nurses are declining.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
5. Despite the variety of work settings available to the RN, data indicate that the primary work
site for RNs is
a. ambulatory care settings.
b. community health settings.
c. long-term care facilities.
d. acute care hospitals.
ANS: D
Feedback
A Ambulatory care settings account for about 10.5% of RNs’ places of
employment.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
B Public health and community health settings account for 7.8% of employed RNs.
C Long-term care facilities account for 5.3% of RNs’ places of employment.
D Statistics show that 63.2% of RNs work in acute care hospitals.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
6. One important advantage of clinical ladder programs for hospital-based RNs is that they
a. allow career advancement for nurses who choose to remain at the bedside.
b. encourage nurses to move into management positions in which they can influence
patient care on a broader scale.
c. encourage RNs to become politically active and guide the profession of nursing.
d. provide training to staff nurses so they can move seamlessly across departments.
ANS: A
Feedback
A Clinical ladder programs allow nurses to advance professionally while remaining
at the bedside.
B Clinical ladder programs are designed to keep proficient nurses at the bedside.
C Encouraging RNs to become politically active and guide the profession of
nursing is not the goal of clinical ladder programs.
D Clinical ladder programs are not designed to facilitate transfer between
departments.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
7. Which of the following statements is correct about community health nursing (CHN)?
a. Prevention and community education are the cornerstones of CHN.
b. Nursing care is rapidly moving from the home setting to the institutional setting.
c. High-tech care such as ventilators and total parenteral nutrition cannot be handled
in the home.
d. Assessment skills are less important in CHN because patients are not acutely ill.
ANS: A
Feedback
A The community health nurse provides educational programs in health
maintenance, disease prevention, nutrition, and child care.
B Care is moving into the home setting.
C Home care is increasing in complexity.
D Community health nurses must have excellent assessment skills as they do not
have the immediate backup that an acute care facility offers.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
8. Which of the following is most essential for the nurse entrepreneur to be successful?
a. Ability to take direction well
b. Excellent time-management skills
c. Avoidance of risks
d. A college degree in business
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
ANS: B
Feedback
A Nurse entrepreneurs must function autonomously.
B Nurse entrepreneurs must be well organized and efficient.
C Starting a business involves risk.
D A degree in business is not required to be a nurse entrepreneur.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
9. The major benefit of serving as a military nurse is
a. broader responsibilities and scope of practice than civilian nurses.
b. working with entirely baccalaureate-prepared peers on active duty.
c. serving as an officer on active duty or in the reserves.
d. the financial support to seek advanced degrees.
ANS: D
Feedback
A Although military nurses do have broader responsibilities and scopes of practice
than civilian nurses do, this is not the major benefit.
B Although military nurses do work with entirely baccalaureate-prepared peers on
active duty, this is not the major benefit.
C Although military nurses serve as officers on active duty or in the reserves, this
is not the major benefit.
D Advanced education is supported by the military financially and also allows for
promotion in rank at an accelerated pace.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
10. Which of the following statements explains why the school nurse of today is truly a
community health nurse?
a. The school nurse may be called on to care for a student’s family members in
underserved areas.
b. The school nurse’s primary responsibility is centered on the well child.
c. The school nurse’s primary responsibility is to maintain immunization records.
d. The school nurse must be certified in CHN.
ANS: A
Feedback
A In medically underserved areas a school nurse may be called on to care for
members of a child’s immediate family.
B Chronically ill, disabled, and physically challenged students are in regular
classrooms.
C School nurses detect developmental problems; counsel and educate children,
parents, and teachers; and maintain immunization records.
D Although school nurses are considered community health nurses, certification in
community health is not required.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
11. What has been found about the outcomes of patients cared for in hospitals with a higher
percentage of BSN-prepared nurses as compared to patients in hospitals with a lower
percentage of BSN-prepared nurses?
a. Patient outcomes are more dependent on nurse-patient ratios.
b. Outcomes were better in hospitals with more BSN-prepared nurses.
c. Outcomes were similar in both types of hospitals.
d. Medical patients had better outcomes, but surgical patients fared the same.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Nurse-patient ratio is an important determinant of patient care outcomes but has
not been shown to be more or less important that the percentage of
BSN-prepared nurses providing direct patient care.
B Research by Aiken et al. (2003) showed that patient outcomes were better in
hospitals where higher percentages of BSN-prepared nurses were employed.
C Research by Aiken et al. (2003) showed that patient outcomes were better in
hospitals where higher percentages of BSN-prepared nurses were employed.
D Aiken et al. (2003) studied orthopedic, general surgical, and vascular surgery
patients and found the outcomes were improved for these patients in hospitals
with a higher percentage of BSN-prepared nurses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
12. Faith community nursing (FCN) was founded on which of the following premises?
a. Nurses’ faith beliefs do not play a part in healing.
b. The spiritual aspect takes precedence over the physical body in healing.
c. Spiritual health is central to a person’s well-being.
d. Faith community nurses must receive formal training as a minister or clergy.
ANS: C
Feedback
A The nurse’s spiritual journey is believed to be an essential aspect of this nursing
role.
B Patients are treated holistically under FCN.
C FCN is based on the belief that spiritual health is central to well-being.
D Faith community nurses do not need to have formal training as ministers.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
13. One important advantage of the evolution of nursing informatics is that
a. it allows any RN to become a certified informatics nurse.
b. informatics nurses are best able to design systems with the needs and skills of
nurses who use them in mind.
c. informatics nurses will reduce the need for direct caregivers to document care.
d. benefits of informatics advancements include improved patient safety and
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Professional Nursing-Concepts and Challenges, 9th Edition (Black, 2020)
increased variability of care.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Although all nurses may use informatics, a nurse specializing in informatics
should have a BSN and additional knowledge and experience in the field of
informatics.
B Informatics nurses understand how the information needs to be used and how to
make the systems work for the nurses.
C Direct caregivers will still need to document the care provided.
D Benefits do include improved patient safety, but decreased variability of care is
expected with informatics systems.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
14. Which of the following nursing roles is not considered an advanced practice role?
a. Certified nurse-midwife (CNM)
b. Community health nurse
c. Certified nurse practitioner (CNP)
d. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
ANS: B
Feedback
A A CNM is an advanced practice role.
B The community health nurse is not an advanced practice role.
C CNP is an advanced practice role.
D CNS is an advanced practice role.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
15. NPs are advanced practice nurses who
a. are required to have physician collaboration or supervision.
b. function under a set of universal advanced practitioner laws.
c. cannot receive direct reimbursement for their services.
d. can diagnose and treat common and chronic conditions.
ANS: D
Feedback
A The laws governing the practice of NPs vary from state to state, including the
degree of supervision required and how they may be reimbursed for their
services.
B The laws governing the practice of NPs vary from state to state, including the
degree of supervision required and how they may be reimbursed for their
services.
C The laws governing the practice of NPs vary from state to state, including the
degree of supervision required and how they may be reimbursed for their
services.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
