Exam 4: Cardiovascular Dysfunction Questions and Correct Solutions Graded to Pass

Low Postnatal Development The systolic BP after birth is ______, reflecting the weaker left ventricle of the neonate Feeding 160-180 Thrive Pediatric indicators for cardiac dysfunction include: -Poor _________ -Heart rate of _____-_____ at rest -Failure to ________ -Developmental delays -Prenatal history Ventricular Congenital Heart Disease Although there are more than 35 well-recognized defects, the most common heart anomaly is _____________ septal defect Apical Physical Examination When assessing the fetal heart rate, it is important to assess the _______ heart rate for 1 full minute Difference Physical Examination When assessing the blood pressure, an indicator of cardiac dysfunction is a _________ in blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities Diabetes Alcohol Toxins Congenital Heart Disease Maternal risk factors for congenital heart defects include chronic illnesses such as ________, _______ consumption, and exposure to environmental _______ and infections Hypoxemia Cyanosis Congenital Heart Disease Depending on the type of defect, saturated and desaturated blood may be mixed. The amount of mixed blood that reaches systemic circulation is a significant feature of several cardiac anomalies, and varying degrees of ________ and _________ result Volume Heart Failure: Causes ________ overload, especially with left to right shunts that may cause the RV to hypertrophy to compensate for the additional blood volume Pressure Heart Failure: Causes _________ overload, primarily resulting from obstructive lesions, such as valvular stenosis or coarctation of the aorta Contractility Heart Failure: Causes Decreased ____________, primarily of the myocardium, caused by factors such as cardiomyopathy or myocardial ischemia from severe anemia or asphyxia; heart block; acidemia; and low levels of potassium, glucose, calcium, or magnesium Demands Heart Failure: Causes High cardiac output ____________, in which the body's need for oxygenated blood exceeds the heart's cardiac output, such as in sepsis, hyperthyroidism, and severe anemia Structural Heart Failure HF occurs most frequently secondary to congenital heart defects in which ____________ abnormalities result in an increase volume load or increased pressure load on the ventricles Cor Pulmonale Heart Failure This is the term for HF resulting from obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis or bronchopulmonary dysplasia Right Sided Heart Failure In this type of heart failure, increased CVP and systemic venous engorgement occur. Systemic venous hypertension causes hepatomegaly and may cause edema in the extremities Left Sided Heart Failure In this type of heart failure, there is increased pressure in the _____ atrium and pulmonary veins. The lungs become congested with blood, which leads to elevated pulmonary pressures and pulmonary edema Reserve Heart Failure The heart initially tries to meet the body's demand for increased cardiac output through several compensatory mechanisms called the cardiac ________. These include hypertrophy and dilation of the cardiac muscle and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Hypertrophies Heart Failure When the heart _________, it is able to generate increased pressure within the ventricle, pumping out blood at a higher pressure. However, it can result in decreased ventricular compliance over time. When this happens, a higher filling pressure is required to produce the same stroke volume Dilates Heart Failure When the heart ________, it increases the stretch of its fibers, which increases the force of contraction. After a while though, the force of the contraction decreased, and the heart fails Catecholamines