BIO 120 Lab Exam 2 Questions and Answers (Updated&Revised).

BIO 120 Lab Exam 2 Questions and Answers (Updated&Revised). LAB EXAM 2 LAB 3 The Skeleton ● Axial Skeleton (80 bones) ○ Found at the center of gravity, the torso, consists of the skull, the sternum, and vertebral column ● Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) ○ Consists of the limb and the pelvic and pectoral girdles Cartilage ● Mostly water with differing amounts of elastic, reticular, or collagen fibers ● Outer covering of perichondrium (growth and repair) ● Has no nervous enervation and is relatively avascular ● Three types of cartilage: ○ Hyaline ○ Elastic ○ Fibrocartilage Cartilages of the Skeleton 1. Articulation cartilage: (hyaline) found at the epiphysis of long bones 2. Costal cartilage: (hyaline) connects ribs to the sternum 3. Laryngeal cartilage: (hyaline) constructs the voice box in the larynx 4. Tracheal and Bronchial cartilage: (hyaline) reinforce passageways of the respiratory system 5. Nasal cartilage: (hyaline) supports the external nose 6. Intervertebral discs’ cartilage: (fibrocartilage) separate and cushion the bones of the spine 7. Ear cartilage: (elastic) supports the external ear Classification of Bones Two types of bones by structure: 1. Compact bones: smooth looking and homogenous 2. Spongy bones: consists of small trabeculae, bars of bones, and space Four subtypes of bones: 1. Long bones: (femur) longer than wide, have a shaft and heads at the end. Mostly compact bones. 2. Short bones: (tarsals) cube shaped, contain more spongy bone than compact bone. 3. Flat bones: (bones of the skull) consist two layers of thin compact bone with spongy bone in between. Many of these bones are curved. 4. Irregular bones: (vertebrae) unusually shaped Two other subtypes: 1. Sesamoid bones: found inside the tendons— the patella 2. Wormian/Sutural Bones: small bones found between the cranial bones Bone markings ● Areas on surfaces of the bones where ligaments attach, where joints form and where nerves and blood vessels pass. Two types of bone markings: projections and depressions or cavities ● Tuberosity: large rounded projection ● Crest: narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent ● Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregular shaped process (only seen in the femur) ● Line: narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest ● Tubercle: small rounded projection or process ● Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle ● Spine: sharp, slender, often pointed projection ● Process: bony prominence ● Head: bony expansion carried on narrow neck ● Facet: smooth nearly flat articular surface ● Condyle: rounded articular projection ● Ramus: arm-like bar of bone ● Groove: furrow ● Fissure: narrow-slit-like opening ● Foreman: round or oval opening through a bone ● Notch: indentation at the edge of a structure ● Meatus: canal-like passageway ● Sinus: bone cavity, filled with air sand lined with mucous membrane ● Fossa: shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface Structure of Long Bone ● Shaft or diaphysis is found on long axis, consisting mostly of compact bones ● Epiphysis: found at the end of long bones, and consists of mostly spongy bone and a superficial thin layer of compact bone ● Articular cartilage: made of hyaline cartilage and covers the epiphyseal surface of the long bone instead of periosteum ○ Smooth surface that prevents friction at the joints ● Epiphyseal plate: area of hyaline cartilage that allows for growth in growing animals ● Epiphyseal line: remnant of plate of bone growth ● Periosteum: fibrous membrane covering that surrounds the outside of the bone.