c20Chapter 20: Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System Gardenhire: Rau’s Respiratory Care Pharmacology, 9th Edition

c20Chapter 20: Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System Gardenhire: Rau’s Respiratory Care Pharmacology, 9th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. This group of agents can depress the respiratory system, causing the patient to stop breathing. a. Opiates b. Benzodiazepines c. Barbiturates d. Antidepressants ANS: A Strong opioid drugs are often referred to as narcotics, from the Greek word for “stupor.” Besides pain relief, high enough doses of opioids can result in loss of consciousness and, because of a profound dose-dependent depression of respiratory drive, respiratory arrest. REF: p. 338 | p. 339 2. In the brain, the control area for autonomic functions such as breathing is located in the a. cortex. b. midbrain. c. medulla. d. reticular activating system. ANS: C The cortex, or outer covering, of the brain generally is considered to be the location of thought, memory, self-awareness, and personality. Perception of sensation and control of body movement, including speech, are also represented in specific areas of the cortex. The midbrain functions as a relay station for information traveling to and from the cortex. It also integrates and modulates autonomic functions; this function occurs primarily in the hypothalamus. The brainstem, or medulla, contains the control areas for autonomic functions such as breathing and cardiovascular control and the areas responsible for alertness, the reticular activating system. The spinal cord enters the brain at the brainstem, and the cerebellum, immediately behind the brainstem, affects fine motor control and coordinates movement. REF: p. 331 3. The hypothalamus is located in the a. cortex. b. midbrain. c. brainstem. d. spinal cord. ANS: B Harryson The cortex, or outer covering, of the brain generally is considered to be the location of thought, memory, self-awareness, and personality. Perception of sensation and control of body movement, including speech, are also represented in specific areas of the cortex. The midbrain functions as a relay station for information traveling to and from the cortex. It also integrates and modulates autonomic functions; this function occurs primarily in the hypothalamus. The brainstem, or medulla, contains the control areas for autonomic functions such as breathing and cardiovascular control and the areas responsible for alertness, the reticular activating system. The spinal cord enters the brain at the brainstem, and the cerebellum, immediately behind the brainstem, affects fine motor control and coordinates movement. REF: p. 331 4. One of the most common psychiatric disorders and a major cause of disability worldwide is a. psychosis. b. depression. c. suicidal tendencies. d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ANS: B Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders and a major cause of worldwide disability. In the United States the 1-month prevalence of a major depressive episode has been estimated to involve more than 2% of the population. The Global Burden of Disease Study found unipolar depression to be the fourth leading cause of worldwide disability, even after excluding deaths from suicide. The prevalence of major depressive disorder may be increasing, and it is predicted that by 2020, unipolar major depression will be the second leading cause of disability worldwide. REF: p. 333 5. Most cases of depression are believed to be caused by a. increased activity of norepinephrine neurons. b. genetic factors. c. family or social environment. d. reduced activity of norepinephrine neurons. ANS: D Depressive disorder has multiple etiologies, including biologic, psychological, and social factors. Serotonin and norepinephrine have been shown to be important neurotransmitters, and their relative deficiency has been linked to depression. For more than a decade, the first-line medical treatment for major depressive disorder has been selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These drugs are preferred because they are safer and more tolerable than the older medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In addition, newer drugs target both norepinephrine and serotonin. They are called serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. REF: p. 333 6. Prozac and Zoloft are examples of a. antidepressants. b. mild tranquilizers. c. barbiturates.