Test Bank for Microbiology The Human Experience (Second Edition) By John W. Foster Zarrintaj Aliabadi Joan L. Slonczewski

Test Bank for Microbiology The Human Experience (Second Edition) By John W. Foster Zarrintaj Aliabadi Joan L. Slonczewski Chapter 01: Microbes Shape Our History MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of microorganisms? a. nitrogen fixation c. synthesis of vitamins b. production of fermented foods d. ANS: D DIF: Easy causative agents of disease REF: 1.1 OBJ:1.1a Describe how we define a microbe, and explain why the definition is a challenge. MSC: Remembering 2. A microbe that is 50 nm in size would most likely be a. fungi. c. b. E. coli. ANS: C d. virus. algae. DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Applying 3. Based on the figure shown, the type of organism indicated with an arrow could be a a. virus. b. bacteria. ANS: B c. d. macroscopic fungi. large ameba. DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Applying 4. Based on the figure, the type of organism shown is a(n) 1a. virus. b. bacteria. ANS: D c. d. archaea. eukaryote. DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Applying 5. Which of the following demonstrates correct scientific notation of a bacterial organism? a. Staphylococcus Epidermidis c. b. Staphylococcus epidermidis ANS: C DIF: Easy d. Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus Epidermidis REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Applying 6. Which key characteristic differentiates a prokaryote from a eukaryote? a. the absence of proteins b. the presence of DNA c. the absence of membrane-bound organelles d. the presence of a cell wall ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Remembering 7. Which of the following methods for classifying life forms can best be used to distinguish between two closely related rod-shaped bacterial organisms, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli? a. physical characteristics c. DNA sequence comparison b. method of reproduction d. environmental habitat ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Applying 8. Which of the following is always classified as a eukaryote? a. papillomavirus c. Escherichia coli 2b. methanogen ANS: D d. yeast DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Understanding 9. Which of the following has been used as a tool for gene therapy? a. viruses c. b. archaea ANS: A d. protozoa fungi DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Understanding 10. Which of the following would you not expect to find in the human digestive tract? a. archaea c. b. algae ANS: B d. bacteria intestinal viruses DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Understanding 11. Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic drugs that function by inhibiting an important cellular structure or process of an organism that is causing an infection. Which of the following would not be affected by an antibiotic that targets cellular metabolic enzymes? a. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria c. ameba b. Herpes virus ANS: B d. bread mold DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ:1.1c Define viruses, and explain how they relate to living cells. MSC: Analyzing 12. Which scientist is credited with constructing the first microscope? a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek c. b. Catherine of Siena d. ANS: C Louis Pasteur DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 OBJ: 1.2a Explain how microbial diseases have changed human history. MSC: Remembering 13. Which of the following was an unexpected benefit of the bubonic plague? a. There was no benefit to the bubonic plague. b. The population of Europe experienced a baby boom. c. It resulted in a better understanding of aseptic practices and how to prevent the spread of infection. d. The population decline enabled the cultural advancement of the Renaissance. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 OBJ: 1.2a Explain how microbial diseases have changed human history. MSC: Understanding 3 Robert Hooke14. Which of the following organisms would you NOT be able to see using Robert Hooke’s microscope? a. vinegar eels c. b. dust mites d. ANS: D mold filaments Mycobacterium tuberculosis DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 OBJ: 1.2a Explain how microbial diseases have changed human history. MSC: Understanding 15. Which of the following is NOT an explanation for the centuries it took between Leeuwenhoek observing microorganisms with his microscope and the discovery that microbes are capable of causing disease? a. Microbes are found everywhere. b. Bacteria appeared similar to sperm and blood cells under the microscope. c. Microorganisms are capable of existing through spontaneous generation. d. Diseases were not a problem in the world until long after the discovery of microorganisms. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 OBJ: 1.2a Explain how microbial diseases have changed human history. MSC: Applying 16. If Spallanzani had unknowingly poked a hole in the top of his flask of meat broth, what would this have implied about the theory of spontaneous generation? a. No growth would have occurred in the flask, refuting the theory of spontaneous generation. b. No growth would have occurred in the flask, supporting the theory of spontaneous generation. c. Growth would have occurred in the flask, refuting the theory of spontaneous generation. d. Growth would have occurred in the flask, supporting the theory of spontaneous generation. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 OBJ:1.2b Describe how microbes participate in human cultural practices such as production of food and drink. MSC: Applying 17. What would John Tyndall have needed to use to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation with his experiments? a. a swan-neck flask c. an autoclave b. a microscope ANS: C d. organic media DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 OBJ:1.2b Describe how microbes participate in human cultural practices such as production of food and drink. MSC: Applying 18. Which of the following theories was the Miller experiment designed to test? a. the endosymbiotic origin of life b. the idea that all the chemicals found in early Earth could have come together to form the basic components of cellular life c. spontaneous generation d. the RNA world hypothesis ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 4OBJ: 1.2a Explain how microbial diseases have changed human history. MSC: Understanding 19. Why did fewer soldiers die from infectious disease during the Crimean War in the winter months? a. Pathogens do not multiply as quickly in colder temperatures. b. Pathogens do not multiply as quickly in wet environments. c. Soldiers have fewer close interactions with other individuals during the winter months. d. Chemical agents used to treat and prevent infections do not function effectively in warmer temperatures. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3b Explain how Florence Nightingale first drew a statistical correlation between infectious disease and human mortality. MSC: Applying 20. Based on the figure below, approximately what percentage of the hospitalizations in week 43 resulted in deaths? a. 80% b. 40% ANS: D c. d. 20% 4% DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3b Explain how Florence Nightingale first drew a statistical correlation between infectious disease and human mortality. MSC: Analyzing 21. What is the causative agent of the infectious disease used to establish Koch’s postulates? a. Streptococcus pyogenes c. b. Bacillus anthracis d. ANS: B Helicobacter pylori DIF: Easy Chlamydia trachomatis REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Remembering 22. Why was the selection of anthrax by Robert Koch a fortunate one? a. The microbe that causes it multiplies slowly. b. The microbe that causes it multiplies to a high concentration in the kidneys. c. The microbe that causes it is not dangerous to humans. d. The microbe that causes it can remain infective outside the body for long periods. 5ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Applying 23. The arrow in the figure shows a(n) a. gelatin suspension. b. endospore. d. c. cell. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 OBJ: 1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Understanding 24. The first vaccination was done to prevent a. AIDS. c. b. smallpox. d. ANS: B tuberculosis. anthrax. DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Remembering 25. Which of the following techniques is effective in creating an attenuated version of a pathogen useful for vaccinations? a. putting a liquid culture of the pathogen in the freezer b. heating an aged culture of the pathogen c. homogenizing a culture of the pathogen d. exposing a culture of the pathogen to nuclear radiation ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 OBJ: 1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Understanding 26. Regarding the natural source for the production of antibiotics, the best weapon we have against pathogenic microorganisms is a. medical doctors. b. acclaimed scientific researchers. c. other microorganisms that can exist with the pathogenic microorganisms. 6 colony.d. the CDC. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ: 1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Understanding 27. What is happening in the figure shown? a. The mold on the left is producing a compound that inhibits the growth of the bacterial colonies on the right. b. The mold on the left is outcompeting the bacterial cells for nutrients and therefore is growing faster. c. The bacterial cells on the right are inhibiting the growth of the mold on the left. d. The mold and bacterial cells are growing in a symbiotic relationship. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Applying 28. Warts are a common skin condition caused by an organism that cannot be grown in pure culture on an agar petri dish and is small enough to pass through a tiny-pored filter. What is the causative agent of warts? a. a bacterium c. an archaea b. a virus ANS: B d. a fungus DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Applying 29. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is a microorganism that gains its energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2 ) to ferric iron (Fe3 ) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Based on this information, T. ferrooxidans is an example of a a. nitrogen fixer. c. endosymbiont. b. lithotroph. d. ANS: B biofilm participant. DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4a Describe examples of how microbes contribute to natural ecosystems. MSC: Applying 730. A microbial growth medium for Staphylococcus aureus is prepared with a high salt concentration to minimize the growth of many organisms that are not capable of growth in these conditions. This is an example of a. animal culture. c. b. endosymbiosis. ANS: D d. pure culture. enrichment culture. DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 OBJ:1.4a Describe examples of how microbes contribute to natural ecosystems. MSC: Applying 31. Which of the following is NOT an example of an endosymbiont? a. Bacillus anthracis spores present in the soil of cattle farms b. rhizobial bacteria growing in the root nodules of certain plants c. microorganisms in the digestive system of the cow degrading cellulose d. bacteria in termite intestines digesting plant polymers ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4a Describe examples of how microbes contribute to natural ecosystems. MSC: Applying 32. Consider the figure below. What does the arrow pointing from cyanobacteria to plants and algae indicate according to the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells? a. Cyanobacteria are the early evolutionary ancestors of plants and algae. b. Cyanobacteria merged together to form plants and algae. c. Cyanobacteria serve as a common source of energy for plants and algae. d. Cyanobacteria were internalized by early cells to form the chloroplast present in plants and algae. 8ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4b Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis. MSC: Analyzing 33. According to the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells, respiring bacteria similar to E. coli were engulfed by cells and evolved into the a. nucleotides. c. energy-generating organelles. b. protein-producing organelles. ANS: C DIF: Easy d. waste-degrading organelles. REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4b Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis. MSC: Remembering 34. The endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells explains how a. prokaryotic cells transformed into eukaryotic cells. b. eukaryotic cells evolved from viruses. c. prokaryotic cells were incorporated by pre-eukaryotes as eukaryotic organelles. d. eukaryotic cells eliminated prokaryotic cells. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4b Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis. MSC: Remembering 35. Which of the following statements does NOT provide evidence in support of the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells? a. The DNA sequence of mitochondria is similar to the DNA sequence of respiring bacteria. b. The DNA of chloroplasts is circular like the DNA of phototrophic bacteria. c. Mitochondria are capable of free-living outside of a eukaryotic cell. d. There is a lot of sequence homology between the DNA sequences of chloroplasts and phototrophic bacteria. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4b Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis. MSC: Understanding 36. Which of the following negative situations could be caused by the similarity between mitochondria and bacteria? a. Vincent’s Staphylococcus skin infection cannot be treated because the only effective antibiotic has too many toxic side effects. b. Alexander suffers from myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, a mitochondrial disease. c. Lauren inherited complex I deficiency, a mitochondrial disease that inhibits her mitochondria from producing enough energy in certain organs of her body. d. Sally was born with a pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency that prevents her mitochondria from functioning properly, resulting in severe mental retardation. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4b Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis. MSC: Evaluating 937. The X-ray diffraction pattern in the image seen here helped determine the structure of a. alanine. c. b. penicillin. d. ANS: D vitamin B12. deoxyribonucleic acid. DIF: Moderate REF: 1.5 OBJ: 1.5a Describe how the structure of DNA was discovered, and explain the significance of DNA for determining the traits of life. MSC: Understanding 38. Which of the following is NOT one of Rosalind Franklin’s accomplishments? a. generating the X-ray diffraction pattern of the structure of DNA b. researching the structure of RNA c. determining the form of tobacco mosaic virus’s RNA chromosome d. receiving a Nobel Prize ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 OBJ: 1.5a Describe how the structure of DNA was discovered, and explain the significance of DNA for determining the traits of life. MSC: Remembering 39. The first cellular genome sequenced was a(n) a. animal. c. b. virus. ANS: D d. archaea. bacteria. DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 OBJ:1.5b Describe how the manipulation of DNA information has transformed the practice of medicine. MSC: Remembering 40. The discovery of ________ first stimulated the funding of millions of dollars into medical research. a. penicillin c. DNA sequencing b. the structure of DNA ANS: A d. DIF: Easy vaccines REF: 1.5 OBJ:1.5b Describe how the manipulation of DNA information has transformed the practice of medicine. MSC: Understanding 1041. CASE HISTORY In 2000, on a farm in North Dakota, 67-year-old Caleb helped bury five cows that had died of anthrax. Wearing heavy leather gloves, Caleb placed chains around the heads and hooves of the carcasses and moved them to the burial site. Four days later, he noticed a small lump on his left cheek. Over two days, the lump enlarged and a lesion opened. Caleb then sought medical attention. The physician reported a firm, superficial nodule surrounded by a purple ring, with an overlying black eschar (piece of dead tissue sloughed from the skin). The physician prescribed ciprofloxacin, the standard antibiotic for cutaneous (affecting skin) anthrax. Testing the patient’s serum with a bacterial antigen revealed the presence of antibodies, confirming the diagnosis of anthrax. The ciprofloxacin was continued, and the patient slowly improved over several weeks. If this scenario were an application of Koch’s postulates rather than a natural infection, which of these case notes would NOT be relevant? a. Bacillus anthracis can be isolated from lesions on all dead cows. b. Antibiotics successfully treated the lesion. c. Caleb developed a lesion similar to those affecting the dead cows. d. Bacillus anthracis can be isolated from Caleb’s lesion. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Case History 1.1 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1.Bacteria and archaea are classified as ________. ANS: prokaryotes DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Remembering 2. In 1884, the Gram stain was devised to distinguish bacteria from ________ cells. ANS: human DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 OBJ: 1.2a Explain how microbial diseases have changed human history. MSC: Remembering 3. Florence Nightingale used a polar area chart to track the ________ of soldiers during the Crimean War. ANS: cause of death mortality DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3b Explain how Florence Nightingale first drew a statistical correlation between infectious 11disease and human mortality. MSC: Remembering 4. The involvement of bacteria in ________ explains why their presence is essential to the continued existence of plants and animals. ANS: geochemical cycling DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4a Describe examples of how microbes contribute to natural ecosystems. MSC: Understanding 5. Observe the DNA sequence shown. This sequence terminates at the base ________. ANS: G DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 OBJ:1.5b Describe how the manipulation of DNA information has transformed the practice of medicine. MSC: Analyzing SHORT ANSWER 1. Consider the statement below. Evaluate whether you agree or disagree with this statement and provide evidence supporting your position. “Microorganisms are dangerous to human existence.” ANS: A variety of answers are acceptable so long as they mention the positive and negative effects of microorganisms and provide appropriate evidence to support their claim. DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1a Describe how we define a microbe, and explain why the definition is a challenge. MSC: Evaluating 2. Explain how the piece of equipment shown in the image below was used to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. 12ANS: The curved shape of the neck prevented microbes in dust particles in the air from reaching the media while still allowing air to flow, demonstrating that even with oxygen, no spontaneous growth of microorganisms occurred without direct contact with dust particles from the environment. DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 OBJ:1.2b Describe how microbes participate in human cultural practices such as production of food and drink. MSC: Analyzing 3. Explain how it would have taken much longer to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation if John Tyndall was the only scientist investigating it. ANS: John Tyndall found the opposite result of Pasteur in his experiments because material he was boiling contained endospores that were resistant to boiling. His experiments would have appeared to support the theory of spontaneous generation as microbes from the spores germinated in a sealed flask. DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 OBJ:1.2b Describe how microbes participate in human cultural practices such as production of food and drink. MSC: Evaluating 4. Why did agar offer an improvement over gelatin for the growth of microorganisms? ANS: Agar remains more solid at higher temperatures than does gelatin. DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3c Explain how Koch’s postulates can show that a specific kind of microbe causes a disease. MSC: Remembering 5. Give an example of a situation where Koch’s postulates may not work properly. ANS: A variety of answers are acceptable so long as they deal with one of the following: a disease-causing agent present in a host that does not cause symptoms, a disease-causing agent in which the levels of the agent are very low or difficult to detect in the host, a disease-causing agent that cannot be grown in pure culture, or a disease-causing agent for which there is no known nonhuman model. DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 OBJ:1.3b Explain how Florence Nightingale first drew a statistical correlation between infectious disease and human mortality. MSC: Evaluating 6. Why does traditional microbial growth media only allow for the growth of 0.1% of all microorganisms in pure culture in the laboratory? ANS: 13Traditional microbial growth media contains nutrients that are used to feed humans. While some microorganisms can flourish in these conditions, many are much more diverse and cannot grow on these nutrients or will be outcompeted by those organisms that can. DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 OBJ: 1.4a Describe examples of how microbes contribute to natural ecosystems. MSC: Understanding 7. Explain how comparing the sequences of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be useful to treating tuberculosis. ANS: The answer should discuss how this can lead to identification of the difference(s) that lead(s) to resistance and from there how to possibly target the antibiotic-resistant organism. For example: comparing the sequences of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis can allow one to note the differences between the two. Knowing what is missing or present in the antibioticresistant variety can allow researchers to understand how the resistant organisms are developing resistance. This is the first step toward developing a method to combat these resistant organisms. DIF: Difficult REF: 1.5 OBJ:1.5b Describe how the manipulation of DNA information has transformed the practice of medicine. MSC: Evaluating 8. CASE HISTORY Debi was an ordinary teenager attending an affluent American public high school when she contracted tuberculosis (TB). She did not know the person who infected her. Infection requires inhalation of the causative bacteria. Debi coughed all the time, felt tired, and was losing weight. Her coughing brought up blood. An Xray revealed the signs of infection in her lung, including a large hole eaten away by the bacteria. From Debi’s sputum sample, a DNA sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA sequence revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of TB. Doctors prescribed isoniazid and rifampin, antibiotics that kill most strains of M. tuberculosis. But Debi’s TB strain proved resistant to nearly all known drugs (MDR-TB). Because drugs failed to eliminate the MDR strain, surgeons removed nearly half of her right lung to help the antibiotics overcome the infection. Debi recovered and returned to high school. She would have to continue taking antibiotics for years afterward. All the teachers and students in Debi’s school were screened, and over 200 were found to have been infected by a student with tuberculosis misdiagnosed for two years. All required treatment to prevent disease. When Debi contracted tuberculosis, she did not know who had infected her or how she had been infected. How could this be? ANS: The bacteria was airborne. DIF: Moderate REF:Chapter 1 Introduction 14OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Understanding 9. CASE HISTORY Debi was an ordinary teenager attending an affluent American public high school when she contracted tuberculosis (TB). She did not know the person who infected her. Infection requires inhalation of the causative bacteria. Debi coughed all the time, felt tired, and was losing weight. Her coughing brought up blood. An X-ray revealed the signs of infection in her lung, including a large hole eaten away by the bacteria. From Debi’s sputum sample, a DNA sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA sequence revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of TB. Doctors prescribed isoniazid and rifampin, antibiotics that kill most strains of M. tuberculosis. But Debi’s TB strain proved resistant to nearly all known drugs (MDR-TB). Because drugs failed to eliminate the MDR strain, surgeons removed nearly half of her right lung to help the antibiotics overcome the infection. Debi recovered and returned to high school. She would have to continue taking antibiotics for years afterward. All the teachers and students in Debi’s school were screened, and over 200 were found to have been infected by a student with tuberculosis misdiagnosed for two years. All required treatment to prevent disease. Which organism in this case history is the pathogen? To what domain does this organism belong and what are the defining features of that domain? ANS: Pathogen should be identified as M. tuberculosis, a bacterium. Defining features that separate this group from Archaea and Eukarya should be included. DIF: Easy REF:Chapter 1 Introduction OBJ: 1.1b Describe the three major domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Explain what the three domains have in common and how they differ. MSC: Understanding 15Chapter 02: Basic Concepts of Infectious Disease MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.What kind of relationship exists between microbiota and their human hosts? a. mutualistic c. endoparasitic b. pathogenic d. ANS: A ectoparasitic DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 OBJ: 2.1a Describe differences between microbiota and pathogens. MSC: Remembering 2. This image shows a person afflicted with athlete’s foot, which is caused by the fungus Trichophyton rubrum. T. rubrum is an example of a(n) a. endoparasite. c. b. ectoparasite. ANS: B d. mutualist. fomite. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1a Describe differences between microbiota and pathogens. MSC: Applying 163. This graph shows the percent mortality in populations of lab animals exposed to increasing concentrations of two different pathogens (agent 1 and agent 2). What is the lethal dose 50% (LD50) of agent 2? a. 400 c. 800 b. 600 d. ANS: B 1,000 DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ: 2.1c Differentiate between infectious dose and lethal dose. MSC: Understanding 4. Which of the following is NOT a fundamental attribute of a successful pathogen? a. host attachment c. nutrient acquisition b. immune avoidance d. wide host range ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ: 2.1d Discuss the fundamental attributes of a successful pathogen. MSC: Understanding 5. This image shows a rash associated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. This rash is an example of a 17a. sign. c. sequelae. b. symptom. d. ANS: A fomite. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ: 2.2a Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of a disease. MSC: Understanding 6. Colonization occurs during which stage of an infectious disease? a. incubation phase c. decline phase b. invasive phase ANS: A d. prodromal phase DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ:2.2c Describe the five basic stages of an infectious disease. MSC: Applying 7. Which of the following is an example of a symptom? a. a rash c. b. swollen glands ANS: D jaundice (yellow tinge to the skin) d. muscle aches DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ: 2.2a Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of a disease. MSC: Applying 8. A mosquito can transmit a viral pathogen into humans. The mosquito is an example of a(n) a. fomite. c. b. symptom. d. ANS: C vector. endoparasite. DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 OBJ:2.3a Describe complex versus simple infection cycles.MSC: Remembering 9. An island nation normally has low background level of cholera. After an earthquake, sanitation is disrupted and cholera cases spike to high levels on the island but not in other areas of the world. The spike in cholera cases is an example of a(n) a. endemic disease. c. b. epidemic disease. d. ANS: B pandemic disease. DIF: Easy opportunistic infection. REF: 2.3 OBJ: 2.3b Differentiate endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease. MSC: Understanding 10. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spreads directly from person to person via intimate contact. HIV exhibits a. a simple infection cycle. c. b. a complex infection cycle. d. ANS: A DIF: Easy vehicle transmission. indirect transmission. REF: 2.3 OBJ:2.3a Describe complex versus simple infection cycles.MSC: Understanding 1811. Lily (who has lice) brings a comb to school for picture day. After Lily combs her hair, Leticia asks to borrow the comb. Leticia later is diagnosed with lice. In this example, the comb is a(n) a. carrier. b. fomite. ANS: B c. d. incubator. portal. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 OBJ:2.3a Describe complex versus simple infection cycles.MSC: Understanding 12. Adhesins are proteins on the surface of microbes. Adhesins help most with which fundamental pathogen attribute? a. host attachment c. b. immune avoidance d. nutrient acquisition host mortality ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ: 2.1d Discuss the fundamental attributes of a successful pathogen. MSC: Understanding 13. The acme of an infectious disease, when the symptoms are most severe, occurs during which phase of the infection? a. incubation c. d. b. invasive ANS: B decline prodromal DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ:2.2c Describe the five basic stages of an infectious disease. MSC: Remembering 14. During which phase of an infectious disease do disease symptoms begin to subside? a. incubation c. decline b. prodromal d. ANS: C convalescent DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 OBJ:2.2c Describe the five basic stages of an infectious disease. MSC: Remembering 15. What factor favors an infectious disease to become pandemic instead of epidemic? a. a localized animal reservoir c. b. rapid mortality ANS: C d. a low infectious dose 50% a short incubation period DIF: Difficult REF: 2.3 OBJ: 2.3b Differentiate endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease. MSC: Evaluating 16. Walter defecates in the company restroom, does not wash his hands thoroughly, and then uses the office coffee pot, transferring bacteria onto the handle of the pot. Marcia pours some coffee and then goes to her desk to eat a muffin, ingesting some of the bacteria she picked up from the coffee pot. What is the route of transmission of this infection? a. fecal-oral c. urogenital 19b. respiratory d. ANS: A parenteral DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 OBJ: 2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Understanding 17. A mosquito can transmit a viral pathogen into humans. What is the mode of transmission of the virus in this instance? a. oral c. urogenital b. respiratory d. ANS: D parenteral DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Remembering 18. This image shows a man sneezing, leading to an aerosol of pathogens. What is the most likely mode of transmission of these pathogens to another person? a. fecal-oral c. urogenital b. respiratory d. ANS: B parenteral DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 OBJ: 2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Understanding 19. Which of the following might be an effective means of limiting a disease spread via a urogenital route? a. using fresh needles, that is, not sharing needles b. wearing condoms during sexual activity c. wearing a mask that covers the nose and mouth d. washing hands before eating ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Applying 20. Which of the following might be an effective means of limiting a disease spread via a parenteral route? a. not sharing needles 20b. wearing condoms during sexual activity c. wearing a mask that covers the nose and mouth d. cooking foods thoroughly ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Applying 21. Which of the following might be an effective means of limiting a disease spread via an oral route? a. not sharing needles b. wearing condoms during sexual activity c. checking for and removing ticks after outdoor activity d. washing hands before eating ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Applying 22. The most dangerous potential bioterrorism agents have what portal of entry into the human body? a. respiratory c. parenteral b. urogenital d. ANS: A fecal DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4b Discuss concepts of biosafety and biocontainment.MSC: Applying 23. This image shows a researcher working in a positive-pressure suit. Such attire is required to work with biological agents in which risk level? 21a. risk group I c. b. risk group II ANS: D risk group III d. risk group IV DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4b Discuss concepts of biosafety and biocontainment.MSC: Remembering 24. Giardia lamblia, a cause of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms, is acquired from contaminated drinking water. It can be treated with several different antimicrobial drugs. Into what risk level does G. lamblia fall? a. risk group I c. b. risk group II ANS: B risk group III d. risk group IV DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4b Discuss concepts of biosafety and biocontainment.MSC: Evaluating 25. What factor is most responsible for both the very young and the very old being most susceptible to infectious diseases? a. the host genotype b. different portals of entry for pathogens c. the host immune system d. the inability of these populations to communicate symptoms to health care providers ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.5 OBJ:2.5b Explain how host behavior can impact susceptibility to disease. MSC: Remembering 26. Which of the following can weaken the host immune response? a. too little sleep c. b. moderate exercise d. ANS: A proper nutrition DIF: Easy avoiding alcohol and drugs REF: 2.5 OBJ:2.5a Define the biological features of human hosts that influence the course of an infection. MSC: Remembering 27. Which of the following host factors can prevent disease by limiting exposure? a. too little sleep c. b. moderate exercise d. ANS: D working in the health care field proper hygiene DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 OBJ:2.5b Explain how host behavior can impact susceptibility to disease. MSC: Applying 28. During which phase of an infectious disease are immunopathologies most likely to first appear? a. incubation c. decline b. invasive ANS: B d. convalescent DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 22OBJ: 2.2b Explain the role of immunopathogenesis in infectious disease. MSC: Applying 29. Known diseases that rapidly increase in incidence and/or geographic range are known as a. emerging. c. zoonotic. b. reemerging. ANS: B d. etiologic agents. DIF: Easy REF: 2.6 OBJ:2.6a Explain how efforts to expand civilization impact emerging infectious diseases. MSC: Remembering 30. Which number in the graph shown corresponds to the decline phase of an infectious disease? a. 2 c. 4 b. 3 d. ANS: C 5 DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ:2.2c Describe the five basic stages of an infectious disease. MSC: Analyzing 31. Infectious dose is measured by determining how many microbes are required to cause a. disease symptoms in half of an experimental group of hosts. b. death in half of an experimental group of hosts. c. disease symptoms in all of an experimental group of hosts. d. death in all of an experimental group of hosts. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1c Differentiate between infectious dose and lethal dose. MSC: Remembering 32. The ability of a microbe to cause disease is known as a. emergence. c. pathogenicity. b. invasiveness. ANS: C d. virulence. DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1c Differentiate between infectious dose and lethal dose. MSC: Remembering 2333. Which of the following is most likely true of pathogens with a broad host range? a. The pathogens are highly virulent in all hosts. b. The pathogens are unlikely to be zoonotic diseases. c. The pathogens are less likely than narrow host range pathogens to respond to antibiotics. d. The pathogens recognize receptors that are very similar among different hosts. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 OBJ: 2.1d Discuss the fundamental attributes of a successful pathogen. MSC: Evaluating 34. Which of the following is NOT true of climate change? a. Climate change will not affect human disease patterns. b. Climate change can alter insect vector distribution. c. Climate change can foster emerging diseases. d. Climate change can foster reemerging diseases. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.6 OBJ:2.6b Explain how climate change can alter infectious disease patterns. MSC: Remembering 35. A particular virus has a high infectious dose 50% and extremely low mortality, causing only mild symptoms. Which of the following is true of this virus? a. It has high infectivity and high virulence. b. It has high infectivity but low virulence. c. It has low infectivity and low virulence. d. It has low infectivity and high virulence. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 OBJ: 2.1b Discuss the relationship between infection and disease and between virulence and pathogenicity. | 2.1c Differentiate between infectious dose and lethal dose. MSC: Analyzing 36. Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium that can be contracted via multiple routes including inhalation. It causes severe disease but is treatable. Into what risk level does F. tularensis fall? a. risk group I c. b. risk group II ANS: C risk group III d. risk group IV DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4b Discuss concepts of biosafety and biocontainment.MSC: Evaluating 37. The main reason that climate change can affect infectious disease patterns is by a. causing the evolution of new animal species that can serve as hosts to emerging pathogens. b. altering where organisms can live. c. increasing the virulence of pathogens. d. decreasing the virulence of pathogens. 24ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.6 OBJ: 2.6b Explain how climate change can alter infectious disease patterns. MSC: Analyzing 38. Which of the following is NOT a driver of emerging diseases? a. decreased human drug use c. b. climate change ANS: A d. microbial evolution changing land use patterns DIF: Moderate REF: 2.6 OBJ: 2.6a Explain how efforts to expand civilization impact emerging infectious diseases. MSC: Understanding 39. Transplacental transmission is an example of a. fecal-oral transmission. c. b. vehicle transmission. d. indirect transmission. direct transmission. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 OBJ:2.3a Describe complex versus simple infection cycles.MSC: Applying 40. What is the difference between an emerging and a reemerging disease? a. Emerging diseases are of viral origin, and reemerging diseases are bacterial. b. Emerging diseases are ones for which vaccines exist; reemerging diseases lack vaccines. c. Emerging diseases are new to humans; reemerging are known but are rapidly increasing in incidence and/or geographic range. d. Emerging diseases evolve within humans, but reemerging diseases are of zoonotic origin. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.6 OBJ:2.6a Explain how efforts to expand civilization impact emerging infectious diseases. MSC: Remembering 41. CASE HISTORY In 1884, Yong Ding was a 38-year-old male in Canton, located in southern China. Life was hard, but Yong Ding, a cook, still managed to support his family. As he walked to his restaurant each day, he barely noticed the small bands of rats scurrying through the streets. Disease was rampant that year; victims of the Shuyi (rat epidemic) were stacked like firewood in the streets, five bodies high in places, waiting to be taken to burial. Yong knew that the disease started as a swollen gland in the armpit and often had a black appearance (now called a bubo). He checked himself daily for these swellings and, seeing none, always felt relief. Then, one morning, he found one. Within days, Yong Ding began coughing blood as the agent (a mystery at the time) spread through his bloodstream to his lungs. Once that happened, Yong Ding knew death was not far behind. More than 60,000 died this way in what was to be the start of the Third Pandemic of bubonic plague. Yong Ding’s body was one of many lining the street that year. We now know that the cook Yong Ding was living through the Third Epidemic of bubonic plague. We also know that the rats that scurried randomly through the streets were infested with fleas, which carried the causative agent of the bubonic plague: Yersinia pestis. In this complex infection cycle, which organism was the vector? 25a. Yersinia pestis b. rats c. fleas d. humans ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Case History 2.2 OBJ:2.3c Explain animal reservoirs and incubators. MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. The ability of a microbe to attach to a body surface is known as ________. ANS: colonization DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1a Describe differences between microbiota and pathogens. MSC: Remembering 2. This graph shows the percent mortality in populations of lab animals exposed to increasing concentrations of two different pathogens (agent 1 and agent 2). Agent ________ is more virulent. ANS: 1 one DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1b Discuss the relationship between infection and disease and between virulence and pathogenicity. MSC: Evaluating 3. A fever is often a host response to a pathogen. As such, fever is an example of ________. ANS: immunopathology DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 OBJ: 2.2b Explain the role of immunopathogenesis in infectious disease. MSC: Understanding 264. The typical signs and symptoms of a disease first appear during the ________ phase of an infectious disease. ANS: invasive DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ:2.2c Describe the five basic stages of an infectious disease. MSC: Remembering 5. A disease that can spread to humans from nonhuman animals is known as a ________ disease. ANS: zoonotic DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 OBJ: 2.3c Explain animal reservoirs and incubators. MSC: Remembering 6. An infectious disease that rapidly increases in incidence throughout the world is known as a ________. ANS: pandemic DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 OBJ: 2.3b Differentiate endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease. MSC: Remembering 7. In some parts of the world, human immunodeficiency virus is endemic. Endemic diseases require a reservoir to serve as a source of pathogen. ________ are the reservoir for HIV. ANS: Humans DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 OBJ: 2.3c Explain animal reservoirs and incubators. MSC: Applying SHORT ANSWER 1. Describe the difference between an infection and a disease. ANS: An infection occurs any time a pathogen enters or starts to grow on a host. An infection does not necessarily lead to disease—a disruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that can be recognized by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1b Discuss the relationship between infection and disease and between virulence and pathogenicity. MSC: Understanding 2. Why is the lethal dose 50% easier to determine than the infectious dose 50%? ANS: 27The LD50 has a clear end point of death, so it is easy to measure. The ID50 is measured by determining how many microbes are required to cause disease symptoms in half of an experimental group of hosts. Disease symptoms may be hard to measure in nonverbal animals and may be more subjective. DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 OBJ:2.1c Differentiate between infectious dose and lethal dose. MSC: Evaluating 3. What distinguishes simple from complex infection cycles? ANS: In a simple infection cycle the pathogen passes directly from one individual to another. In a complex infection cycle the pathogen is not transmitted via direct contact but instead is transmitted indirectly through an intermediary such as a fomite or a vector. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.3 OBJ:2.3a Describe complex versus simple infection cycles.MSC: Analyzing 4. What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? ANS: Signs (such as rashes) can be observed by others. Symptoms (body aches) cannot be directly observed by others but are felt by the patient. DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 OBJ:2.2a Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of a disease. MSC: Remembering 5. Why do some public health departments widely spray insecticides in the spring and summer? ANS: Because mosquitoes and other insects often serve as pathogen vectors and reservoirs, limiting insect populations can decrease human disease incidence. DIF: Difficult REF: 2.3 OBJ: 2.3c Explain animal reservoirs and incubators. MSC: Applying 6. What is immunopathology? ANS: Immunopathology refers to disease signs and symptoms caused by the host immune system in response to the pathogen. Immunopathologies may include runny nose, fever, rash, and headache. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2 OBJ: 2.2b Explain the role of immunopathogenesis in infectious disease. MSC: Understanding 7. Describe how bacterial adhesins affect the preferred entry portal of pathogens. 28ANS: To initiate a productive infection, bacteria must attach to host cells. Attachment is mediated by bacterial adhesins binding to host receptors. Different portals of entry contain different kinds of host cells with different receptors. The adhesins may only allow attachment to cells in certain portals. DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Analyzing 8. Describe how a pathogen could use an exit portal different from the portal it used to enter the host. ANS: Possible answers include the following: diarrhea-causing bacteria and viruses can enter via the oral route but leave via defecation; HIV can enter via the urogenital route and leave via the parental route in a needle (or vice versa—enter via a needle and exit via urogenital). DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4a Describe the various portals of entry and exit for microbial pathogens. MSC: Applying 9. What distinguishes risk level III from risk level IV organisms? ANS: While both risk level III and risk level IV pathogens can lead to lethal diseases, level IV pathogens tend to be more virulent and lack treatment options. DIF: Moderate REF: 2.4 OBJ:2.4b Discuss concepts of biosafety and biocontainment.MSC: Remembering 10. List a few host factors that can influence the course of an infection by impacting immune status. ANS: Host age, nutritional status, and the presence of other diseases (e.g., HIV) can all affect host immune status. DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 OBJ:2.5a Define the biological features of human hosts that influence the course of an infection. MSC: Remembering 11. CASE HISTORY Brandon, a 30-year-old stockbroker living in Chicago, visited his physician’s office. When the nurse asked Brandon why he was there, he blushed and said he wanted to talk only to the physician about his problem. Once the doctor entered the room, Brandon explained he had a small round lesion on his penis. When asked about his sexual partners, Brandon initially said he was dating only one woman, but when