NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) Words And Their Meaning

NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) Words And Their Meaning Intonation - ANS-the way the voice rises and falls in speech morpheme - ANS-the smallest unit of meaning in a language Abraham Maslow - ANS-developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the unconscious desires that motivate people subordinating conjunction - ANS-joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to which it is related voiceless sounds - ANS-sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords Howard Gardner - ANS-created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential independent (or main) clause - ANS-a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence one-word stage - ANS-stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a single word to convey a full meaning humor stage - ANS-stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture SIFE - ANS-Students with Interrupted Formal Education labial consonant sound - ANS-sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together (m) gerund phrase - ANS-phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as nouns) connotation - ANS-the emotional association of a word helping verb - ANS-verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred) Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - ANS-an individually administered assessment that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - ANS-an oral-based approach to language instruction developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition phonetics - ANS-the study of the production of sounds in speech silent way - ANS-teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over teaching dependent (or subordinate) clause - ANS-a clause that cannot stand alone as its own sentence inferential item - ANS-a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the lines in order to determine what an author is implying communicative competence - ANS-the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure two-word stage - ANS-stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use word combinations early stage of literacy development - ANS-characterized by the learner's use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words intermediate fluency - ANS-fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many of their own errors free morpheme - ANS-a morpheme that can stand on its own literal item - ANS-information that refers directly back to the content of the reading material where the answer is defined word by word monitor hypothesis - ANS-knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech validity - ANS-indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable scaffold - ANS-the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery positive behavioral support - ANS-a social learning approach that assumes all persistent behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ANS-language needed for academic work and study natural order hypothesis - ANS-one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners classic conditioning - ANS-learning a response to stimuli or the environment assimilation - ANS-when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds passive voice - ANS-a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is receiving the action of the main verb Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - ANS-social skills students use in everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school norm referenced - ANS-a test that measures students in comparison with other students of the same age integrative services - ANS-a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed assistance Lau v. Nichols - ANS-This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities; the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the language needs of non-English-speaking students. total physical response (TPR) - ANS-an instructional method that provides students, particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to and following spoken comands bound morpheme - ANS-a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning sociolinguistics - ANS-the study of language and its relation to society and culture sheltered instruction - ANS-provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ANS-1973 Supreme Court decision ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students infinitive phrase - ANS-a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb extrinsic motivation - ANS-motivation driven by external rewards English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - ANS-identify the target language development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning discourse competence - ANS-the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles clause - ANS-contains both a subject and a predicate relative pronoun - ANS-a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in Texas, which is a big state.) utterances - ANS-speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are surrounded on both sides by silence indirect teaching - ANS-student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates opportunities for students to construct their own learning linguistic relativism - ANS-the belief that language only partially influences human thought and action WIDA - ANS-(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics and language learning thematic unit - ANS-integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme antecedent - ANS-the noun a pronoun replaces cloze procedure - ANS-the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading comprehension activity differentiation - ANS-providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs, including learning styles and level induction - ANS-process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial and error listening guides - ANS-statements or questions that provide instructional focus when listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction Language Experience Approach (LEA) - ANS-uses learners' prior knowledge and experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning of each individual student cooperative learning - ANS-when the teacher places students into small groups and gives them a task to complete together discovery learning - ANS-when students perform experiments or research information to comprehend new concepts diagnostic assessment - ANS-given before a learning experience to measure the students' baseline knowledge cognates - ANS-visually similar words schema - ANS-the framework of understanding in a child's brain underextension - ANS-when a child's definition of a word is too narrow strategic competence - ANS-the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting guided practice - ANS-practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the teacher English-Language Learner (ELL) - ANS-student whose native language is not English monochronic cultures - ANS-culture in which time is seen as linear, with one event happening at a time Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) - ANS-federal law that prohibits schools from sharing identifiable information about students formative assessment - ANS-informal assessments that are used throughout the learning experiences to help teachers make instructional decisions and to provide feedback to students self-actualization - ANS-the final state in Maslow's hierarchy of needs; the individual has realized their potential and seeks fulfillment and growth inflectional morphemes - ANS-bound morphemes that do not greatly alter a word's meaning or part of speech behaviorist theory - ANS-suggests that repeated exposure to stimuli can create learning; the more frequently a behavior is performed the more quickly it will become habit World Englishes - ANS-localized varieties of English, particularly those that have developed in territories under the influence of the UK or the US cultural bias - ANS-occurs when a test offends or penalizes a test taker due to items related to socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity gerund - Continues...